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Reading by AI

Fri, 17 Apr 2026 00:00:00 +0000

This blog documents my recent practice of using AI to enhance my reading process and the benefits I’ve gained from it.

I maintained my book list in a spreadsheet, which helped me track what I’ve read, what I’m currently reading, and what I plan to read. While this works well, I wanted to improve a few things:

Group books with similar content
Have a better tool for writing reading notes, spreadsheets aren’t ideal for that
Preview a book’s content before committing time to read it fully
Enhance my reading experience, such as digesting key information more effectively

AI helped me address all of the above. Here’s how I did it:

Langchain - Getting Started

Fri, 13 Mar 2026 00:00:00 +0000

This blog outlines the step-by-step process for getting started with a Langchain demo.

LLM Creation

Go to the Azure portal and create an Azure OpenAI service. Within that service, navigate to the Foundry portal and deploy a cost-effective gpt-4o-minimodel (use version: 2024-07-18).

Simple Chat

Create chat.py

 1from azure.identity import DefaultAzureCredential, get_bearer_token_provider
 2from langchain_openai import AzureChatOpenAI
 3from langchain_core.messages import SystemMessage, HumanMessage
 4
 5
 6def create_client(model_name: str = "gpt-4o-mini") -> AzureChatOpenAI:
 7 """Create Azure OpenAI client using Azure AD authentication
 8
 9 Args:
10 model_name: Model to use. Options: "gpt-4o-mini"
11 """
12 token_provider = get_bearer_token_provider(
13 DefaultAzureCredential(exclude_powershell_credential=True),
14 "https://cognitiveservices.azure.com/.default",
15 )
16
17 return AzureChatOpenAI(
18 model=model_name,
19 azure_endpoint="https://testazureopenairesource11.openai.azure.com/",
20 azure_ad_token_provider=token_provider,
21 api_version="2024-12-01-preview",
22 )
23
24
25def test_connection() -> bool:
26 """Test Azure OpenAI connection"""
27 try:
28 client = create_client()
29 messages = [
30 SystemMessage(content="You are a helpful assistant."),
31 HumanMessage(content="Reply with exactly: CONNECTION_OK"),
32 ]
33 response = client.invoke(messages)
34 return "CONNECTION_OK" in response.content
35 except Exception as e:
36 print(f"❌ Azure OpenAI connection failed: {e}")
37 return False
38
39
40SYSTEM_MESSAGE = SystemMessage(content="You are a helpful assistant.")
41
42
43def send_message(prompt: str, client: AzureChatOpenAI | None = None) -> str:
44 client = client or create_client()
45 messages = [SYSTEM_MESSAGE, HumanMessage(content=prompt)]
46 response = client.invoke(messages)
47 return response.content
48
49
50def interactive_chat():
51 client = create_client()
52 print("Type `exit` to quit.")
53 while True:
54 prompt = input("You: ").strip()
55 if not prompt or prompt.lower() in ("exit", "quit"):
56 break
57 reply = send_message(prompt, client)
58 print("Assistant:", reply)
59
60
61def main():
62 ok = test_connection()
63 print("✅ CONNECTION_OK" if ok else "❌ connection failed")
64
65 reply = send_message("Give me a 2-line summary of the Python logging module.")
66 print("Assistant:", reply)
67
68 interactive_chat()
69
70
71if __name__ == "__main__":
72 main()

Agent

Create a new Python file named create_agent.py. This file will demonstrate how a tool is triggered within an agent.

MCP - Getting Started

Mon, 02 Mar 2026 00:00:00 +0000

This is a MCP Getting Started, to set up the simplest mcp server and go through the simple scenario.

1mkdir my-mcp-server
2cd my-mcp-server
3
4python -m venv venv
5source venv/bin/activate
6
7pip install fastmcp
8pip install pytz

Create server.py

 1from fastmcp import FastMCP
 2
 3mcp = FastMCP("我的第一个MCP服务器")
 4
 5@mcp.tool
 6def greet(name: str) -> str:
 7 return f"你好，{name}！欢迎使用MCP服务器。"
 8
 9@mcp.tool
10def add_numbers(a: int, b: int) -> int:
11 return a + b
12
13@mcp.tool
14def get_current_time(timezone: str = "Asia/Shanghai") -> str:
15 from datetime import datetime
16 import pytz
17 tz = pytz.timezone(timezone)
18 return datetime.now(tz).strftime("%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S")
19
20if __name__ == "__main__":
21 mcp.run(transport="stdio")

Create test_client.py

Taxi app experience

Fri, 20 Feb 2026 00:00:00 +0000

前天赶上下雨，我们急着出门赴宴，决定叫个网约车。上车前，太太打开滴滴，把车型价格范围设定在20元以内，等了十五分钟都没人接单。接着把预算提到30元，又等了一刻钟，还是没车。眼看时间越来越紧，为保险起见，我同时打开高德也发起叫车，结果一样叫不到。只好继续加价到40元，依然等了很久。这时我发现高德的界面设计只留给引导用户直接点到最高的50元以上档位——除了加价，几乎没有其他选择。这种“吃相”实在有点难看，心里的火气也一点点上来了。

僵持片刻，我实在等不及了，提议干脆改坐公交。太太最终也同意了。可就在我们准备取消订单时，诡异的事发生了：太太的滴滴和我的高德，几乎同时匹配到了司机。整个叫车过程前后花了快一小时，体验非常糟糕。以前我总不太相信“App会监听对话”的说法，但这次经历，确实让我重新琢磨起这件事。

回想大约十年前，网约车平台正打得火热，市场里热钱涌动，那段日子至今历历在目。有时候打车几乎像免费一样。如今战局已定，剩下的都是背靠巨头的玩家，也差不多到了“收割”的时候了。

Written by Binwei@Shanghai

Simple Modeling Tool (WebGL)

Thu, 19 Feb 2026 00:00:00 +0000

I have been very interested in 3D modeling and visualization techniques for a long time. In 2017, I started a GitHub project to build a simple modeling tool using raw WebGL directly. I decided against using frameworks like Three.js, mainly for educational purposes. The project progressed slowly. After struggling for several days, or maybe weeks, I mostly completed the basic visualization logic and was able to create some simple 3D models. Then, for the next nine years until now, there was almost no progress.

Try Agent Skills in VS Code

Mon, 19 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Recently, a new trend has emerged in utilizing agent skills, as seen at: https://agentskills.io/home. It appears to be quite straightforward to assign specific tasks to an agent, provided that your requirements are clearly outlined in the skill.md file.

I decided to give it a try. As an avid book lover, I occasionally come across potentially interesting new books. Typically, I research the ratings on well-known sites like Douban and Amazon to gauge overall reader feedback and the total number of ratings. I then apply a personal formula to determine a final rating, helping me filter out lower-rated books that don’t meet my standards.

Thoughts on Vibe Coding

Fri, 09 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000

I recently used vibe coding to complete two prototypes for my side projects. The experience was fantastic!

General Experience

I primarily used Visual Studio Code’s Agent mode with the Claude Sonnet 4.5 model. I would describe my requirements to the Agent, and it would write the code for me. I was impressed by how much it could accomplish in a short time, building business logic, user interfaces, and even unit tests. The experience felt like having a junior engineer working for me, though I needed to be clear and precise with my requirements.

100M Offer

Tue, 30 Dec 2025 00:00:00 +0000

#business

Alex Hormozi

The core thesis of The 100M Offeris that the key to rapid business growth is not better marketing or sales tactics, but creating an offer that is so compelling it becomes "irresistible." Hormozi argues that most businesses fail because they have a weak offer, not because of a weak ability to sell it. The goal is to create an offer where the value so dramatically outweighs the price and risk that customers feel like they would be stupid to say no.

Data Clean

Mon, 29 Dec 2025 00:00:00 +0000

#journal

I recently got a new 2TB laptop, which gives me the perfect opportunity to reorganize and clean up all my files. I successfully reduced my storage usage from 1.19TB to 0.98TB -> a 20% reduction.

While there’s still room to cut back further if I wanted to be more selective, I’m very satisfied with the progress I’ve made. Here’s what I gained from the process:

I now have a much clearer understanding of my files.
I revisited some useful older tools, like OneCommander for reorganization and Beyond Compare for backups. These tools proved far more effective than the custom solutions I had previously developed.
I also spent time restoring older files that had become unreadable due to outdated formats, converting them into accessible versions.

Overall, it’s been a productive cleanup!

苏世民：我的经验与教训

Sun, 28 Dec 2025 00:00:00 +0000

#business

Stephen A. Schwarzman, BlackRock

25条工作和生活原则

做大事和做小事的难易程度是一样的。所以要选择一个值得追求的宏伟目标，让回报与你的努力相匹配。
最优秀的高管不是天生的，而是后天磨砺的结果。他们好学不倦，永无止境。要善于研究你生活中遇到的取得巨大成功的人和组织，他们能够提供关于如何在现实世界获得成功的免费教程，可以帮助你进行自我提升。
给你敬佩的人写信或打电话，请他们提供建议或与其会面的机会。你永远不知道谁愿意跟你见面。最后你会从这些人身上学到很多重要的东西，建立你在余生都可以享用的人际关系。在生命早期结交的人，会与你缔结非同寻常的感情纽带。
人们总觉得最有意思的话题就是与自己相关的话题。所以，要善于分析他人的问题所在，并尝试提出办法来帮助他人。几乎所有的人，无论他声名多么显赫、地位多么高贵，都愿意接受新的想法，当然，前提是这些想法必须经过深思熟虑。
每个企业都是一个封闭的集成系统，内部各个组成部分性能独特却又相互关联。优秀的管理者既洞悉每个部分如何独立运行，也熟知各部分之间如何相互协作。
信息是最重要的商业资产。掌握得越多，拥有的视角就越多，在竞争对手面前就越有可能发现常规模式和异常现象。所以要始终对进入企业的新鲜事物保持开放的态度，无论是新的人、新的经验，还是新的知识。
在年轻的时候，请接受能为自己提供陡峭的学习曲线和艰苦的磨炼机会的工作。最初的工作是为人生打基础的，不要为了暂时的声望而轻易地接受一份工作。
在展示自己时，请记住，印象非常重要。整体形象必须毫无瑕疵。其他人会通过各种线索和端倪，判断你的真实面貌。所以，要重诺守时，要真实诚信，要准备充分。
再聪明的人也不能解决所有问题。聪明人组成的开诚布公的团队却可以无往而不利。
处于困境中的人往往只关注自己的问题，而解决问题的途径通常在于你如何解决别人的问题。
一个人的信念必须超越自我和个人需求，它可以是自己的公司、祖国或服役义务。任何因信念和核心价值观的激励而选择的挑战都是值得的，无论最终的结果是成功还是失败。
永远要黑白分明、百折不回。你的诚信必须要不容置疑。当一个人不需要付出代价或承担后果的时候，坚持做正确的事情并非难事。但当必须得放弃一些东西时，你就很难保持信用记录。要始终言而有信，不要为了自己的利益误导任何人。
要勇往直前。成功的企业家、经理和个人都是具有志在必得的气魄和一往无前的精神的人。他们会在恰当的时刻当仁不让。当其他人谨小慎微时，他们会接受风险；当其他人瞻前顾后时，他们会采取行动，但他们会选择明智的做法。这种特质是领导者的标志。
永远不要骄傲自满。没有什么是一成不变的。无论是个人还是企业，如果不经常寻求自我重塑和自我改进的方法，就会被竞争对手打败。尤其是组织，因为组织比想象中更脆弱
极少有人能在首次推介中完成销售。仅仅因为你对一些事物有信念，并不意味着其他人也愿意接受。你需要能够一次又一次坚定地推销你的愿景。大多数人不喜欢改变，所以你需要说服他们为什么要接受改变。不要因为畏惧而不去争取自己想得到的东西。
如果你看到一个巨大的变革性机会，不要疑虑其他人为什么没有采取行动。你可能看到了他人没有看到的东西。问题越严峻，竞争就越有限，对问题解决者的回报就越大。
归根到底，成功就是抓住了寥寥可数的机遇。要始终保持开放的思维，冷静观察，高度警觉，随时准备抓住机会。要统筹合适的人力和其他资源，然后全力以赴。如果你没有准备好拼尽全力，要么是因为这个机会没有你想象的那么有吸引力，要么是因为你不是把握这一机遇的合适人选。
时间会对所有交易造成负面影响，有时甚至产生致命影响。一般情况下，等待的时间越久，意料之外的事情就越多。特别是在艰难的谈判中，要让所有人都在谈判桌上协商足够长的时间，以此达成协议。
不要赔钱！！！客观地评估每个机会的风险。
要在准备好时做出决定，而不是在压力之下。或为了达到个人目的，或因为内部政治斗争，或因为一些外部需求，其他人总会催促你做出决策。但几乎每次你都可以这么说：“我需要更多的时间来考虑这个问题。我想清楚了再回复你。”即使是在最艰难、最令人不快的情况下，这种策略也非常有效。
忧虑是一种积极的心理活动，可以开阔人的思路。如果能正确引导这一情绪，你就可以洞察任何形势下的负面风险，并采取行动规避这些风险。
失败是一个组织最好的老师。开诚布公地客观谈论失败，分析问题所在，你就会从失败中学到关于决策和组织行为的新规则。如果评估得当，失败就有可能改变一个组织的进程，使其在未来更加成功。
尽可能雇用10分人才，因为他们会积极主动地感知问题、设计解决方案，并朝着新方向开展业务。他们还会吸引和雇用其他10分人才。10分人才做什么事都会得心应手
如果你认为一个人的本质是好的，就要随时为这个人提供帮助，即使其他人都离他而去。任何人都可能陷入困境。在别人需要的时候，一个偶然的善意行为就会改变他的生命轨迹，造就意想不到的友谊或忠诚
每个人都有梦想。尽你所能帮助别人实现他们的目标。

每个企业家都会有这样的体会：有时现实与自己想象的生活利事业之间存在巨大差距，这一差距会压得人喘不过气，几乎令人绝望。然而，一旦取得成功，人们只会看到成功的光环，如果失败了，他们也只会看到失败的黯淡，却很少有人关注到那些可能彻底改变人生轨迹的转折点。可正是在这些转折点上，我们学到了事业和人生中最重要的经验和教训。

在人生的某些阶段，我们必须弄清楚自己是谁。越早认清自我越好，只有这样，我们才能找到适合自己的机会，而不是活在他人创造的梦幻中。

一个人可以学着做管理者，甚至可以学着当领导者，却无法通过学习成为企业家。 *不是很理解这句话，莫非企业家都是天生注定的？

如果你是够渴望一件事物，即使没有条件，也总会找到方法达成所愿。只要你努力，只要你坚持，就会变不可能为可能，就会功到自然成。但仅仅有欲望是不够的。追求高难度目标，有时难免会事与愿违、不得其所。这是志存高远的代价之一

我相信教育是一门学科。这门学科的目标是学习如何思考。一旦掌握了这一点，就可以将其应用于学习投身一项事业、学习欣赏艺术、学习阅读书籍。教育赋予我们能力，让我们欣赏上帝之手写就的千回百折的剧情——生活本身。在我们离开教室后，教育仍在继续。与朋友联系、参加俱乐部，这些都能增加我们的知识储备。事实上，学习伴随我们的终生。我和我的干事们只是希望在座的各位能够正确认识教育的目的，并在你们的余生中遵循教育的基本原则，不断质疑，持续思考。

教学不仅仅是分享知识。为人师，就必须消除他人学习的障碍。

无论你多么成功、聪明或勇敢，都有可能身陷困境。人们常常认为自己是唯一的现实，但每个个体都有自己的现实。见得越多，就越有可能理解他人的处境。

人生早先遇到的人、交到的朋友，总会在后来的人生中以另外的方式再次出现。

任何企业家都需要具备诸多关键技能，其中最重要的技能也许就是可以高屋建瓴、客观公正地对人才进行评估。

成功面试的规则：

要准时。准时是你对面试重视程度和准备程度的首要指标
要真实。面试是一种相互评估的过程，有点像闪电约会—每个人都在寻找合适的人选。要从容不迫、落落大方，对方会喜欢真实的你。如果你展现真实的自我，顺利通过面试，得到工作机会，结果自然很棒。但如果面试不成功，那么这个组织可能也不适合你，倒不如了解真相、继续前进。
做好准备。研究要面试的公司，熟知公司的重要人物和事件。面试官总是喜欢讨论自己身边发生的事。此外，这也可以使你更好地描述公司吸引你的地方和理由，让面试官知道你对公司的热情和向往，并了解你入职的动机，以此判断你是否符合组织的文化要求。
要坦率。不要害怕谈论自己的想法。不要只想着给面试官留下深刻印象，而要更多地关注如何进行开放坦诚的交流，直言不讳地发表自己的见解
要自信。以平等的姿态参加面试，而不是作为请求者。在大多数情况下，雇主都是在寻找能够把控局面的人。当然，前提是这些人并不刚愎自用。
保持好奇心。最好的面试是互动型面试——候选人提出问题，征求意见，询问面试官在公司工作时最喜欢哪一点。要找到方法与面试官进行积极交流，并确保双方始终你来我往，有问有答。面试官也喜欢聊天，喜欢分享自己的知识和心得。不要讨论不合时宜的政治问题，除非面试官首先发问。在这种情况下，要直截了当地描述你的信念和理由，但不要争论
可以谈到你在申请机构中认识的人，但前提是你喜欢并尊重这个人。你的直试官会以此来考察你对于人的判断。

面试双方都可以保持轻松开放的心态，积极互动，双方是否合适便是显而易见的

商业中最重要的资产就是信息。你知道越多，你拥有的视角越多，可以建立的连接就越多，进行预测的能力就越强

我找到的缓解压力的方法就是专注于自己的呼吸，减缓呼吸速度，放松自己的肩膀，直到呼吸变得深长。这一做法效果惊人，思路渐渐清晰，对眼前形势的认识变得更为客观和理性，更清楚自己如何才能获胜

在于他人的交往过程中，我从不急于表达自己的观点，极力推销自己手里的东西，而总是选择倾听。我会静静等待，关注对方要什么、想什么、然后着手满足对方的需求。我很少在会议上做笔记。我只是非常关注对方说话的内容和表达的方式。许多人失败是因为他们从自身利益立场出发，只选择性地听取与自己相关的话题

大型企业的文化变化会导致优秀人才和伟大创意的流失

为了取得成功，你必须有勇气打破边界，进军自己无权进入的行业和领域。如果失败了，你就摇摇头，承认失误和不足，然后从自己的愚蠢中吸取教训。仅仅凭借锲而不舍的意志力，你就可以让世界精疲力尽，做出让步，把你想要的东西给你。仅仅凭借锲而不舍的意志力，你就可以让世界筋疲力尽，做出让步，把你想要的东西给你。付出会逐渐变成一种志在必得的信念，一种锲而不舍的精神。这是无形的资产，当你需要的时候它就会在那里供你撷取，取之不尽，用之不竭。

得8分的人是任务执行者，得9分的人非常擅长执行和制订一流策略。如果公司都是9分人才，就可以获得成功。但10分人才，无须得到指令，就能主动发现问题、设计解决方案，并将业务推向新的方向。

创业的成败往往取决于时机。创业太早，客户还没准备好。创业太晚，竞争对手又太多。

任何投资的成功与否在很大程度上取决于所处经济周期的节点。周期会对企业的成长轨迹、估值及潜在回报率造成重大影响。市场有周期性。经济衰退是正常现象。当价值从低点回升至少10%时再开始进行投资。最好放弃市场刚开始复苏时10%~15%的涨幅，以确保在恰当的时候买入资产

为了保护企业和组织，你需要打造决策体系、改善决策质量。决策系统不应受制于一个人的能力、感受和弱点

投资原则：不要赔钱。把每个投资机会提炼为两个或三个主要变量

人生中重要的一点是始终对新体验持开放态度，即使这些体验并非完全在自己的规划内

如果想创业，必须通过三项基本测试：

设想必须足够宏大，足以值得全身心投入。要确保自己的创意有潜力发展成一个规模巨大的企业
企业的产品或服务应当是独一无二的
时机必须是正确的

当公司变大时，要么继续经营一家没有前途可言的中等公司，要么清除掉自己一手打造的平庸队伍，让公司获得重生（一上来招人会很难，只能凑合）

AI Superpowers

Sat, 27 Dec 2025 00:00:00 +0000

#ai

Sub-title: China, Silicon Valley, and the New World Order Author: Kaifu Lee

Overview of "AI Superpowers"

This summary is organized around the key themes of the book, with my specific highlights integrated directly into the narrative.

1. The Mechanics and Prerequisites of Modern AI

Early AI consisted of "rule-based: symbolic systems or expert systems," which were limited by the need for human-programmed rules. The power of modern AI, specifically deep learning, comes from its ability to learn from data. However, this power is contingent on very specific conditions. Lee establishes that "AI requires massive amounts of relevant data, a strong algorithm, a narrow domain, and a concrete goal. If you're short any one of these, things fall apart."

Mediation

Fri, 26 Dec 2025 00:00:00 +0000

#fitness

一、核心定义：冥想是什么？

冥想不是“清空大脑”，而是一种注意力训练。它的核心是 “有意识地注意当下，而不加评判”。

通俗理解：它是“关掉社会的喧嚣，倾听自己”。这是一种从不断的“行动”和“反应”模式中暂停下来，简单地“存在”的练习。

关键心态：冥想只有在“为冥想而冥想”时才会“奏效”。不要带着“我必须放松”或“我必须解决问题”的功利心去练习，只需去体验这个过程。

二、冥想的好处（为什么你要练习？）

定期练习冥想能带来身心层面的深远益处：

提升专注力：像锻炼肌肉一样，冥想能增强你控制注意力的能力，减少分心。
减轻压力与焦虑：通过观察而不评判，你能从纷乱的想法和情绪中抽离出来，从而降低它们的强度。
增加自我觉察：让你更了解自己的思维模式、情绪反应和身体感受，这是个人成长的基础。
增强情绪韧性：帮助你更好地应对生活中的挑战，而不是被情绪冲昏头脑。
提升幸福感：通过专注于当下，减少对过去和未来的担忧，从而增加对生活的满足感。

三、如何练习冥想：正式与非正式

直接（正式）和融入生活（非正式）。

方法一：正式冥想（专项训练）

这是专门抽出时间进行的练习。

正念冥想：最核心的形式。可以坐着或躺着，将注意力锚定在呼吸、身体感受或声音上。当思绪飘走时，温柔地将注意力带回来。
行走冥想：将注意力完全放在走路的感觉上——脚的抬起、移动、落下，以及身体的平衡。（即“徒步是行走的冥想”）
慈心冥想：在心中默念祝福语（愿我平安，愿你快乐），将慈悲心导向自己、亲人和众生。
身体扫描：从脚到头，依次觉察身体各个部位的感受。
可视化冥想：在脑海中想象一个能让你平静的场景（如海滩、森林），调动所有感官去感受。

方法二：非正式冥想（融入生活）

将正念的态度融入日常活动，把生活变成冥想练习场。这正是您笔记的精髓。

正念饮食：感受食物的颜色、香气、味道和质地，而不是机械地吞咽。
正念洗漱：感受水流过皮肤的感觉，肥皂的香气。（即“淋浴是意外的冥想”）
正念驾驶：注意手握方向盘的感受，路边的风景，而不是被收音机或思绪带跑。
书写冥想：通过日记不加评判地记录想法和感受。（即“日记是书写的冥想”）
感恩冥想：在心中或口头表达感谢。（即“祈祷是感恩的冥想”）

四、即时工具：STOP 技术

当感到压力或情绪激动时，这是一个可以随时使用的“迷你冥想”：

S - Stop（暂停）：立即停下你正在做的事情。
T - Take a breath（呼吸）：做一次缓慢的深呼吸。
O - Observe（观察）：觉察你身体的感受、情绪和头脑中的想法（不加评判）。
P - Proceed（继续）：带着更清醒的觉察，继续你刚才的活动。

总结脉络

核心概念: 冥想是注意力训练，目标是有意识地、不加评判地安住于当下。
核心心态: 为练习而练习，不追求特定结果。
练习路径
- 1. 正式练习：如静坐、正念呼吸。
- 1. 非正式练习：将日常活动（徒步、日记、淋浴）变为冥想。
终极目标: 将正念的态度带入生活和生命，从而提高幸福感与韧性。

开始行动的建议：从每天 5分钟的正式呼吸冥想开始，并尝试将一种日常活动（如刷牙）变为非正式练习。关键在于持续，而非时长。

Written by Binwei@Shanghai

人生回报率最高的18件事

Thu, 25 Dec 2025 00:00:00 +0000

#wisdom

小红书上看到的，这18条我觉得还是很有道理的。

目前做得相对比较好的有：3, 4, 5, 6, 16, 17

急需提高的有：1， 2， 7， 9， 10， 13

1、每天运动30分钟

《柳叶刀》研究显示，每天30分钟中等强度运动可降低27%全因死亡率，相当于每运动1分钟延长寿命7分钟。

运动时身体会分泌脑源性神经营养因子(BDNF)，促进大脑神经元生长，提高记忆力和专注力。

建议：选择快走、游泳等可持续性运动，配合2-3次/周的力量训练效果更佳。

2、保证7小时睡眠

哈佛医学院研究发现，持续睡眠不足6小时的人群，肥胖风险增加30%，记忆力下降40%。

深度睡眠阶段大脑会进行"记忆整理"，清除β淀粉样蛋白（阿尔茨海默病的致病蛋白）。

建议：设置固定作息时间，睡前1小时避免蓝光刺激，室温控制在18-22℃最佳。

3、定期口腔护理

世界卫生组织（WHO）数据显示，牙周病患者的心脏病风险是普通人的2倍，糖尿病风险增加3倍。

每年洗牙可预防牙龈萎缩，节省后续数万元的种植牙费用。

建议：推荐使用含氟牙膏配合巴氏刷牙法，并使用冲牙器（水牙线）清理牙缝，每半年进行一次专业洁治（洗牙）。

4、每周深度阅读10小时

耶鲁大学一项长达12年的追踪研究表明，每周阅读3.5小时书籍的人群，平均寿命延长23个月。

深度阅读时，大脑的默认模式网络（DMN）会被激活，有助于提升同理心和决策能力。

建议：选择纸质书以减少干扰，并可配合康奈尔笔记法记录阅读重点。

5、掌握第二语言

《神经科学》期刊研究发现，双语使用者老年痴呆症（阿尔茨海默病）的发病时间平均延迟4.5年。

语言学习能增加大脑灰质密度。据LinkedIn（领英）数据，掌握双语者的薪资溢价可达15-20%。

建议：推荐使用沉浸式学习法，每天投入30分钟，结合影视剧、播客等进行语言输入。

6、系统学习理财

诺贝尔经济学奖得主马科维茨证实，合理资产配置可降低30%风险并提高15%收益。

建议按"4321法则"分配资金：40%投资 + 30%生活 + 20%储蓄 + 10%保险。

从指数基金定投开始，逐步学习企业财报分析等技能。

7、刻意练习写作

斯坦福大学写作项目显示，定期写作的人职业晋升速度快37%。

写作能梳理思维盲点，自媒体时代更是个人品牌放大器。

可以从每天300字日记开始，逐步尝试观点文、产品文案等不同体裁。

8、购置核心资产

诺贝尔经济学奖得主席勒研究表明，核心地段房产长期回报率跑赢通胀3-5%。

首套房建议选择"交通+学区+商业"至少占两项的物业，面积控制在90-120㎡流动性最佳。

避免过度装修，硬装预算控制在2000元/㎡以内。

9、发展副业收入

Upwork调研显示，拥有多重收入的职场人抗风险能力提高5倍。

在保持主业的同时，可以考虑发展副业。建议从技能型副业起步（如咨询、设计、写作等），逐步建立“睡后收入”（被动收入）系统。

注意：建议副业收入达到主业收入的30%时，再考虑辞职。

10、维护关键人脉

LinkedIn（领英）数据显示，85%的高薪职位通过弱关系（例如朋友的朋友）获得。

建议：每月至少主动联系1位优质人脉。维护关系时，可采用“价值分享 + 适度求助”的策略。

见面交流时，准备3个有深度的话题，避免停留于单纯的寒暄。

11、学习非暴力沟通

心理学家马歇尔的研究发现，采用“观察 - 感受 - 需要 - 请求”的沟通模式，能将矛盾解决率提升83%。

Bond

Wed, 24 Dec 2025 00:00:00 +0000

#invest

债券核心概念一览

核心要素	说明
本质	一种固定收益证券，代表发行方（政府或公司）向投资者借款的债务凭证。
核心承诺	发行方承诺在特定日期（到期日）偿还本金（面值），并在借款期间按固定利率（票面利率）定期支付利息。
投资者角色	购买债券即成为债权人，将资金借给发行方以换取固定回报。
别称	因其能提供定期、固定的利息收入，故常被称为“固定收益产品”。
关键关系	风险与收益：风险越高（如公司债 vs. 国债），期限越长，票面利率通常也越高以补偿投资者。

一、债券如何运作？

发行：政府或公司为融资而发行债券。
购买：投资者购买债券，相当于借钱给发行方。
利息收入：发行方按约定利率（如年化3%）和频率（每年、每半年等）向投资者支付“票息”。
到期还本：在债券到期日，发行方向投资者偿还债券的初始面值（如100元）。
二级市场交易：债券在到期前可以在投资者之间买卖，其市场价格会波动。

债券的初始发行价格，也是到期时发行方应偿还的本金金额。

Term	Description
票面利率 (Coupon Rate)	发行方承诺支付的固定年化利率。利息 = 面值 × 票面利率。
当前收益率 (Current Yield)	年利息收入 ÷ 债券当前市场价格。反映了按市价购买债券可获得的即时收益率。
到期日 (Maturity Date)	债券借款期限结束，发行方必须偿还本金的日期。
可赎回债券 (Callable Bond)	发行方有权在到期日前提前赎回债券。这通常对投资者不利，发行方可能会支付少量溢价作为补偿。
违约 (Default)	发行方无法按时支付利息或偿还本金的风险。
通胀保值债券 (TIPS)	一种美国国债，其本金会根据通胀率进行调整，从而保护投资者免受通货膨胀侵蚀。

二、投资债券的优缺点

优点 (Benefits)

优先求偿权：在公司破产清算时，债券持有人的清偿顺序优先于股东。
稳定收入：提供可预测的定期利息收入，适合寻求稳定现金流的投资者（如退休人士）。
组合稳定器：债券价格波动通常小于股票，有助于平衡投资组合的整体风险。
本金偿还：若持有至到期且发行方不违约，可收回全部本金。

风险 (Risks)

违约风险：发行方可能无法支付利息或偿还本金的风险。
利率风险：市场利率上升时，已发行的固定利率债券吸引力下降，其市场价格会下跌。（但若持有至到期，此风险可规避）
流动性风险：某些债券可能不易快速变现，或需以折价出售。
通胀风险：固定利息收入的购买力可能被通货膨胀侵蚀。

重要提示：债券在利率变化时的市值波动是“账面浮亏/浮盈”。只要持有至到期，就能按面值收回本金，并获得所有约定利息。浮亏/浮盈仅在到期前出售债券或赎回债券基金时才会实际发生。

三、债券的主要类型

按发行方分类

国债：由国家政府发行，信用等级最高，风险最低，利率也通常最低。
地方政府债券：由地方政府发行（如上海市财政局发行的债券）。
公司债券：由企业发行，风险高于国债，利率也更高。

国债的常见形式（以中国为例）

凭证式国债：在银行购买，获取纸质凭证，一般不可上市交易。
电子式储蓄国债：通过网银购买，可提前支取（需手续费）。
记账式国债：可上市流通，通过证券账户买卖，流动性好。未到期前不能提前支取，但可随时卖出。

特殊类型债券

Personal Investment Options

Tue, 23 Dec 2025 00:00:00 +0000

#invest

This article was created using AI generation along with my previous notes. AI is awesome! This list progresses from generally lower-risk to higher-risk investments.

1. Cash and Cash Equivalents

These are highly liquid, low-risk investments, but with correspondingly low returns. Their primary purpose is capital preservation.

Savings Accounts: Offered by banks and credit unions.
High-Yield Savings Accounts (HYSAs): Typically offer higher interest rates than traditional savings accounts.
Money Market Accounts: A hybrid of a savings and checking account, often with check-writing privileges and a higher interest rate (though sometimes with balance requirements).
Certificates of Deposit (CDs): A time deposit with a fixed term and fixed interest rate. Withdrawals before maturity incur a penalty.
Treasury Bills (T-Bills): Short-term U.S. government debt securities with maturities of one year or less.

2. Fixed Income / Bonds

You are loaning money to an entity (government or corporate) in exchange for periodic interest payments and the return of the principal at maturity. Generally less risky than stocks.

Merriam Webster's Vocabulary Builder

Thu, 18 Dec 2025 00:00:00 +0000

I added Merriam‑Webster’s Vocabulary Builder to my to‑do list on 12/29/2012 and finally finished reading it in 2025. It was a long wait, but I’m glad my judgment from 13 years ago proved right—this is truly a fantastic book for learning English. It teaches word roots and provides interesting background stories. Some concepts are challenging to retain, so I took notes to help myself review and digest the material.

Book Extraction

unit_1 - AM

AM: comes from the Latin amare, “to love.” The Roman god of love was known by two different names, Cupid and Amor. Amiable means “friendly or good-natured,” and amigo is Spanish for “friend.”
amicable: 友善的
enamored: 迷恋
amorous: 多情的
paramour: 情人

unit_1 - BELL

BELL: comes from the Latin word meaning “war.” Bellona was the little-known Roman goddess of war; her husband, Mars, was the god of war.
antebellum: 战前
bellicose: 好战的
belligerence: 好战
rebellion: 叛乱

unit_1 - BENE

BENE: is Latin for “well.” A benefit is a good result or effect. Something beneficial produces good results or effects. The Latin root can be heard in other languages as well: “Good!” or “Fine!” in Spanish is “Bueno!”; in French, it's “Bon!”; and in Italian, just say “Bene!”
benediction: 祝福
benefactor: 恩人
beneficiary: 受益人
benevolence: 仁

unit_1 - CRIM

CRIM: comes from the Latin words for “fault or crime” or “accusation.” It's obvious where the root shows up most commonly in English. A crime is an act forbidden by the government, which the government itself will punish you for, and for which you may be branded a criminal. A crime is usually more serious than a tort (see TORT ), a “civil wrong” for which the wronged person must himself sue if he wants to get repaid in some way.
criminology: 犯罪学
decriminalize: 非刑事化
incriminate: 入罪
recrimination: 相互指责

unit_1 - GRAV

GRAV: comes from the Latin word meaning “heavy, weighty, serious.” Gravity is, of course, what makes things heavy, and without it there wouldn't be any life on earth, since nothing would stay on earth at all. This doesn't stop us from yelling in outrage when the familiar laws of gravity cause something to drop to the floor and break.
grave: 严重
gravitas: 庄重
gravitate: 吸引
aggravate: 加剧

unit_1 - LEV

LEV: comes from the Latin adjective levis, meaning “light,” and the verb levare, meaning “to raise or lighten.” So a lever is a bar used to lift something, by means of leverage. And levitation is the magician's trick in which a body seems to rise into the air by itself.
alleviate: 减轻
elevation: 海拔
cantilever: 悬臂
levity: 轻浮

unit_1 - PAC

PAC: is related to the Latin words for “agree” and “peace.” The Pacific Ocean—that is, the “Peaceful Ocean”—was named by Ferdinand Magellan because it seemed so calm after he had sailed through the storms near Cape Horn. (Magellan obviously had never witnessed a Pacific typhoon.)
pacify: 安抚
pacifist: 和平主义者
pact: 协议
pace: 步伐

unit_1 - PROB

PROB: comes from the Latin words for “prove or proof” and “honesty or integrity.” A probe, whether it's a little object for testing electrical circuits or a spacecraft headed for Mars, is basically something that's looking for evidence or proof. And probable originally described something that wasn't certain but might be “provable.”
approbation: 赞许
probate: 遗嘱认证
probity: 廉洁
reprobate: 被遗弃的

unit_1 - Words from Mythology and History

Words from Mythology and History: cicerone A guide, especially one who takes tourists to museums, monuments, or architectural sites and explains what is being seen. • On Crete they sought out a highly recommended cicerone, hoping to receive the best possible introduction to the noteworthy historical sites. The Roman statesman and orator Cicero was renowned for his elegant style and great knowledge (and occasional long- windedness). So 18th-century Italians seem to have given the name cicerone to the guides who would show well-educated foreigners around the great cultural sites of the ancient Roman empire—guides who sought to be as eloquent and informed as Cicero in explaining the world in which he lived.
hector: 赫克托
hedonism: 享乐主义
nestor: 内斯托尔
spartan: 斯巴达人
stentorian: 声音洪亮
stoic: 坚忍的
sybaritic: 奢侈的

unit_2 - CEPT

CEPT: comes from the Latin verb meaning “take, seize.” Capture, which is what a captor has done to a captive, has the same meaning. Captivate once meant literally “capture,” but now means only to capture mentally through charm or appeal. But in some other English words this root produces, such as those below, its meaning is harder to find.
reception: 接待
intercept: 截距
perceptible: 可察觉的
susceptible: 易受影响的

unit_2 - DUC,DUCT

DUC,DUC: from the Latin verb ducere, “to lead,” shows up regularly in English. Duke means basically “leader.” The Italian dictator Mussolini was known simply as Il Duce, “the leader.” But such words as produce and reduce also contain the root, even though their meanings show it less clearly.
conducive: 有利于
deduction: 扣除
induce: 诱发
seduction: 诱惑

unit_2 - FIN

FIN: comes from the Latin word for “end” or “boundary.” Final describes last things, and a finale or a finish is an ending. (And at the end of a French film, you may just see the word “Fin.”) But its meaning is harder to trace in some of the other English words derived from it.
confine: 局限
definitive: 确定的
finite: 有限
infinitesimal: 无穷小

unit_2 - JECT

JECT: comes from jacere, the Latin verb meaning “throw” or “hurl.” To reject something is to throw (or push) it back; to eject something is to throw (or drive) it out; and to inject something is to throw (or squirt) it into something else.
interject: 插
conjecture: 推测
projection: 投影
trajectory: 弹道

unit_2 - MANIA

MANIA: in Latin means “madness,” and the meaning passed over into English unchanged. Our word mania can mean a mental illness, or at least an excessive enthusiasm. We might call someone a maniac who was wild, violent, and mentally ill—or maybe just really enthusiastic about something. Too much caffeine might make you a bit manic. But the intense mood swings once known as manic- depressive illness are now usually called bipolar disorder instead.
kleptomania: 盗窃癖
dipsomaniac: 醉鬼
megalomaniac: 自大狂
egomaniac: 自大狂

unit_2 - PSYCH

PSYCH: comes from the Greek word psyche, meaning “breath, life, soul.” Psychology is the science of mind and behavior, and a psychologist treats or studies the mental problems of individuals and groups. Psychiatry is a branch of medicine that deals with mental and emotional disorders, and a psychiatrist (like any other doctor) may prescribe drugs to treat them.
psyche: 精神
psychedelic: 迷幻的
psychosomatic: 心身的
psychotherapist: 心理治疗师

unit_2 - SEQU

SEQU: comes from the Latin verb sequi, meaning “to follow.” A sequel follows the original novel, film, or television show.
sequential: 顺序的
subsequent: 随后的
consequential: 后果性的
non sequitur: 不合逻辑的

unit_2 - TRACT

TRACT: comes from trahere, the Latin verb meaning “drag or draw.” Something attractive draws us toward it. Something distracting pulls your attention away. And when you extract something from behind the sofa, you drag it out.
traction: 牵引力
retract: 缩回
protracted: 旷日持久的
intractable: 棘手的

unit_2 - Words from Mythology

Words from Mythology: Apollonian Harmonious, ordered, rational, calm. • After a century of Romantic emotion, some composers adopted a more Apollonian style, producing clearly patterned pieces that avoided extremes of all kinds. In Greek mythology, Apollo was the god of the sun, light, prophecy, and music, and the most revered of all the gods. Partly because of the writings of Nietzsche, we now often think of Apollo (in contrast to the god Dionysus) as a model of calm reason, and we may call anything with those qualities Apollonian. This isn't the whole story about Apollo, however; he had a terrible temper and could be viciously cruel when he felt like it.
bacchanalian: 酒神狂欢
delphic: 德尔菲克
Dionysian: 酒神
jovial: 快活的
mercurial: 水银
Olympian: 奥林匹斯山
venereal: 性病的

unit_3 - AMBI

AMBI: means “on both sides” or “around”; ambi- comes from Latin. Most of us are either right-handed or left-handed, but ambidextrous people can use their right and left hand equally well.
ambiguous: 模糊的
ambient: 周围的
ambivalent: 矛盾的
ambit: 范围

unit_3 - DIS

DIS: comes from Latin, where it means “apart.” In English, its meanings have increased to include “opposite” or “not” (as in distaste, disagreeable), “deprive of” (disinfect), or “exclude or expel from” (disbar). The original meaning can still be seen in a word like dissipate, which means “to break up and scatter.”
dissuade: 劝阻
disorient: 迷失方向
discredit: 抹黑
dislodge: 驱逐

unit_3 - EPI

EPI: is a Greek prefix that may mean various things, but usually “on, over” or “attached to.” So an earthquake's epicenter is the ground right over the center of the quake. And your epidermis is the outer layer of your skin, on top of the inner dermis.
epilogue: 结语
epiphyte: 附生植物
epitaph: 墓志铭
epithet: 绰号

unit_3 - HOM,HOMO

HOM,HOMO: comes from homos, the Greek word for “same,” which in English words may also mean “similar.” A homograph is a word spelled like another word but different in meaning or pronunciation, and a homosexual is a person who favors others of the same sex. (This root has nothing to do with the Latin homo, meaning “person,” as in Homo sapiens, the French homme, and the Spanish hombre.)
homonym: 同音异义词
homogeneous: 同质
homologous: 同源的
homogenize: 均质化

unit_3 - HYP,HYPO

HYP/HYPO: is a Greek prefix meaning “below, under.” Many hypo-words are medical. A hypodermic needle injects medication under the skin. Hypotension, or low blood pressure, can be just as unhealthy as the better-known hypertension, or high blood pressure.
hypochondriac: 疑病症
hypoglycemia: 低血糖
hypothermia: 低温
hypothetical: 假想

unit_3 - Latin Borrowings

Latin Borrowings: Quiz 3-1 Quiz 3-2 Quiz 3-3 Quiz 3-4 Quiz 3-5 Review Quizzes 3 AMBI means “on both sides” or “around”; ambi- comes from Latin. Most of us are either right-handed or left-handed, but ambidextrous people can use their right and left hand equally well.
ambiguous: 模糊的
ambient: 周围的
ambivalent: 矛盾的
ambit: 范围
EPI: EPI
epilogue: 结语
epiphyte: 附生植物
epitaph: 墓志铭
epithet: 绰号

unit_3 - POLY

POLY: comes from polys, the Greek word for “many.” A polytechnic institute offers instruction in many technical fields. Polygamy is marriage in which one has many spouses, or at least more than the legal limit of one. And polysyllabic words are words of many syllables —of which there are quite a few in this book.
polyp: 息肉
polyglot: 多语言
polymer: 聚合物
polygraph: 测谎器

unit_3 - PRIM

PRIM: comes from primus, the Latin word for “first.” Something primary is first in time, rank, or importance. Something primitive is in its first stage of development. And something primeval had its origin in the first period of world or human history.
primal: 原始的
primer: 底漆
primate: 灵长类动物
primordial: 原始的

unit_3 - THERM,THERMO

THERM/THERMO: comes from the Greek word meaning “warm.” A thermometer measures the amount of warmth in a body, the air, or an oven. A thermostat makes sure the temperature stays at the same level. And it's easy to see why the German manufacturers of a vacuum-insulated bottle back in 1904 gave it the name Thermos.
thermal: 热的
thermodynamics: 热力学
thermonuclear: 热核
British thermal unit: 英国热量单位

unit_4 - CARN

CARN: comes from a Latin word meaning “flesh” or “meat.” Carnation originally meant “the color of flesh,” which was once the only color of the flower we call the carnation. In Christian countries, Lent is the period when the faithful traditionally give up something they love, often meat. The days leading up to Lent are known as the carnival season, from the Italian carnelevare, later shortened to carnevale, which meant “removal of meat”—though during carnival, of course, people indulge in just about everything, and the removal of meat only comes later.
carnage: 屠杀
carnal: 肉体的
incarnate: 体现
reincarnation: 投胎

unit_4 - CRED

CRED: comes from credere, the Latin verb meaning “to believe” or “to entrust.” We have a good credit rating when institutions trust in our ability to repay a loan, and we carry credentials so that others will believe that we are who we say we are.
credence: 信任
credible: 可信的
credulity: 轻信
credo: 信条

unit_4 - CURR,CURS

CURR/CURS: comes from currere, the Latin verb meaning “to run.” Although words based on this root don't tend to suggest speed, the sense of movement remains. Current, for instance, refers to running water in a stream or river, or electrons running through a wire, and an excursion is a trip from one place to another.
concurrent: 并发
cursory: 粗略的
discursive: 话语性的
precursor: 前体

unit_4 - FID

FID: comes from fides, the Latin word for “faith” or “trust.” Fidelity is another word for “faithfulness.” Confidence is having faith in someone or something. An infidel is someone who lacks a particular kind of religious faith. And the once-popular dog's name Fido is Latin for “I trust.”
affidavit: 宣誓书
diffident: 胆怯的
fiduciary: 受托人
perfidy: 背信弃义

unit_4 - FLECT

FLECT: comes from flectere, the Latin verb meaning “to bend.” The root sometimes takes the form flex-. Things that are flexible can be bent, and when you flex a muscle, you're usually bending a limb— which, as a trainer at the gym will tell you, requires the use of flexor muscles.
deflect: 偏转
reflective: 反光的
genuflect: 跪
inflection: 屈折变化

unit_4 - PED

PED: comes from the Latin word for “foot.” A pedal is pushed by the foot; a pedicure is a treatment of the feet, toes, and toenails; and a pedestal is what a statue stands on—in a sense, its foot.
quadruped: 四足动物
pedigree: 谱系
impediment: 障碍
pedestrian: 行人

unit_4 - POST

POST: comes from a Latin word meaning “after” or “behind.” A postscript (or PS) is a note that comes after an otherwise completed letter, usually as an afterthought. Postpartum refers to the period following childbirth, with any related events and complications. To postdate a check is to give it a date after the day it was written.
posterior: 后部
posthumous: 死后的
postmodern: 后现代的
postmortem: 尸检

unit_4 - VOR

VOR: comes from the Latin verb vorare, “to eat,” and the ending - ivorous shows up in words that refer to eaters of certain kinds of food. Frugivorous (for “fruit-eating”), granivorous (for “grain- eating”), and graminivorous (for “grass-eating”) aren't too rare, but you won't run across phytosuccivorous (“plant-sap-eating”) every day.
carnivorous: 肉食性的
herbivorous: 草食性的
insectivorous: 食虫的
voracious: 贪婪的

unit_4 - Words from Mythology

Words from Mythology: calypso A folk song or style of singing of West Indian origin that has a lively rhythm and words that are often made up by the singer. • If you take a Caribbean vacation in December, you end up listening to a lot of Christmas carols played to a calypso beat. In Homer's Odyssey, the nymph Calypso detains Odysseus for seven years on his way home from the Trojan War, using all her wiles to hold him on her lush island. For many people, the calypso music of the West Indian islands, which was eventually brought to America by singers such as the Andrews Sisters and later Harry Belafonte, has some of the same captivating power as the nymph, though the lyrics that are often improvised to the melodies tend to make fun of local people and happenings. The original name for these songs, however, actually seems to be based on a similar-sounding African word, for which, early in the 20th century, someone began substituting this name from Greek mythology.
odyssey: 奥德赛
palladium: 钯
Penelope: 佩内洛普
procrustean: 普罗克拉斯泰安
protean: 千变万化的
sibyl: 西比尔
siren: 警笛

unit_5 - ANTE

ANTE: is Latin for “before” or “in front of.” Antediluvian, which describes something very old or outdated, literally means “before the flood”—that is, Noah's Flood. And antebellum literally means “before the war,” usually the American Civil War.
antechamber: 前厅
antedate: 早于日期
antecedent: 先行词
anterior: 前部

unit_5 - CATA

CATA: comes from the Greek kata, one of whose meanings was “down.” A catalogue is a list of items put down on paper, and a catapult is a weapon for hurling missiles down on one's enemies.
cataclysm: 灾难
catacomb: 地下墓穴
catalyst: 催化剂
catatonic: 紧张症

unit_5 - DYS

DYS: comes from Greek, where it means “bad” or “difficult.” So dysphagia is difficult swallowing, and dyspnea is difficult or labored breathing. Dysphasia is an inability to use and understand language because of injury to or disease of the brain. Dys- is sometimes close in meaning to dis- (see DIS ), but try not to confuse the two.
dystopia: 反乌托邦
dyslexia: 阅读障碍
dyspeptic: 消化不良的
dysplasia: 发育不良

unit_5 - EU

EU: comes from the Greek word for “well”; in English words it can also mean “good” or “true.” A veterinarian who performs euthanasia is providing a very sick or hopelessly injured animal a “good” or easy death.
eugenic: 优生的
euphemism: 委婉语
euphoria: 欣快感
eulogy: 颂

unit_5 - Latin Borrowings

Latin Borrowings: a fortiori All the more certainly. • If drug users are going to be subject to mandatory sentences, then, a fortiori, drug dealers should be subject to them also. A fortiori in Latin literally means “from the stronger (argument).” The term is used when drawing a conclusion that's even more obvious or convincing than the one just drawn. Thus, if teaching English grammar to native speakers is difficult, then, a fortiori, teaching English grammar to nonnative speakers will be even more challenging.
a posteriori: 后验的
a priori: 先验
bona fide: 善意
carpe diem: 及时行乐
caveat emptor: 买者自负
corpus delicti: 犯罪主体
curriculum vitae: 简历

unit_5 - MAL

MAL: comes from a Latin word meaning “bad.” A malady is a bad condition—a disease or illness—of the body or mind. Malpractice is bad medical practice. Malodorous things smell bad. And a malefactor is someone guilty of bad deeds.
malevolent: 恶毒的
malicious: 恶意的
malign: 诽谤
malnourished: 营养不良的

unit_5 - ORTHO

ORTHO: comes from orthos, the Greek word for “straight,” “right,” or “true.” Orthotics is a branch of therapy that straightens out your stance or posture by providing artificial support for weak joints or muscles. And orthograde animals, such as human beings, walk with their bodies in a “straight” or vertical position.
orthodontics: 正畸学
orthodox: 正统
orthopedics: 骨科
orthography: 正字法

unit_5 - PROT,PROTO

PROT/PROTO: comes from Greek and has the basic meaning “first in time” or “first formed.” Protozoa are one-celled animals, such as amoebas and paramecia, that are among the most basic members of the biological kingdom. A proton is an elementary particle that, along with neutrons, can be found in all atomic nuclei. A protoplanet is a whirling mass of gas and dust that astronomers believe may someday become a planet.
protagonist: 主角
protocol: 协议
protoplasm: 原生质
prototype: 原型

unit_5 - RECT

RECT: comes from the Latin word rectus, which means “straight” or “right.” To correct something is to make it right. A rectangle is a four-sided figure with straight parallel sides. Rectus, short for Latin rectus musculus, may refer to any of several straight muscles, such as those of the abdomen.
rectitude: 正直
rectify: 纠正
rectilinear: 直线的
directive: 指示

unit_6 - AUD

AUD: , from the Latin verb audire, is the root that has to do with hearing. What is audible can be heard. An audience is a group of listeners, sometimes seated in an auditorium. And audio today can mean almost anything that has to do with sound.
auditor: 审计员
auditory: 听觉的
audition: 试镜
inaudible: 听不见的

unit_6 - CED

CED: comes from the Latin verb cedere, meaning “to proceed” or “to yield.” Proceed itself employs the root, as does recede, and their related nouns procession and recession employ another form of the Latin verb.
cede: 放弃
concede: 承认
accede: 同意
precedent: 先例

unit_6 - EQU

EQU: comes from the Latin word aequus, meaning “equal.” To equalize means to make things equal. Things that are equivalent have the same value, use, or meaning. All three sides of an equilateral triangle are of the same length. And an equation (for instance, 21 + 47 = 68) is a statement that two mathematical expressions are equal.
equable: 平等的
adequacy: 充分性
equilibrium: 平衡
equinox: 春分

unit_6 - ERR

ERR: , from the Latin verb errare, means “to wander” or “to stray.” The root is seen in the word error, meaning a wandering or straying from what is correct or true. Erratum (plural, errata) is Latin for “mistake”; so an errata page is a book page that lists mistakes found too late to correct before the book's publication.
errant: 错误的
aberrant: 异常
erratic: 不稳定的
erroneous: 错误

unit_6 - METR,METER

METR/METER: comes to us from Greek by way of Latin; in both languages it refers to “measure.” A thermometer measures heat; a perimeter is the measure around something; and things that are isometric are equal in measure.
metric: 公制
meter: 仪表
odometer: 里程表
tachometer: 转速表

unit_6 - PLE,PLEN

PLE/PLEN: comes from a Latin word meaning “to fill.” It can be seen in the words plenty, meaning basically “filled,” and complete, meaning “thoroughly filled.”
plenary: 全体会议
complement: 补充
deplete: 消耗
replete: 充满

unit_6 - QUIS

QUIS: is derived from the Latin verb meaning “to seek or obtain.” The roots quer, quir, and ques are derived from the same Latin verb and give us words such as inquiry and question.
inquisition: 宗教裁判所
perquisite: 额外津贴
acquisitive: 贪婪的
requisition: 征用

unit_6 - SON

SON: is the Latin root meaning “sound.” Sonata, meaning a piece for one or two instruments, was originally an Italian verb meaning “sounded” (when singers were involved, the Italians used a different verb). And sonorous means full, loud, or rich in sound.
sonic: 索尼克
dissonant: 不和谐的
resonance: 谐振
ultrasonic: 超声波

unit_6 - Words from Mythology and History

Words from Mythology and History: Augean stable A condition or place marked by great accumulation of filth or corruption. • Leaders of many of the newly formed nations of Eastern Europe found that the old governments of their countries had become Augean stables that they must now clean out. Augeus, the mythical king of Elis, kept great stables that held 3,000 oxen and had not been cleaned for thirty years when Hercules was assigned the job as one of his famous “twelve labors.” This task was enormous even for someone so mighty, so Hercules shifted the course of two rivers to make them pour through the stables. Augean by itself has come to mean “extremely difficult or distasteful”, and to “clean the Augean stable” usually means either to clear away corruption or to perform a large and unpleasant task that has long called for attention. So today we refer to “Augean tasks,” “Augean labor,” or even “Augean clutter.” And the British firm Augean PLC is— what else?—a waste-management company.
Croesus: 克洛伊斯
dragon's teeth: 龙的牙齿
Hades: 哈迪斯
lethargic: 昏昏欲睡的
Midas touch: 点石成金
Pyrrhic victory: 代价高昂的胜利
stygian: 冥河

unit_7 - CUR

CUR: , from the Latin verb curare, means basically “care for.” Our verb cure comes from this root, as do manicure (“care of the hands”) and pedicure (“care of the feet”).
curative: 有疗效的
curator: 馆长
procure: 采购
sinecure: 闲职

unit_7 - PERI

PERI: , in both Latin and Greek, means “around.” A period is often a span of time that keeps coming around regularly, day after day or year after year. With a periscope, you can see around corners. Peristalsis is the process that moves food around the intestines; without it, digestion would grind to a halt.
perimeter: 周长
periodontal: 牙周的
peripatetic: 逍遥的
peripheral: 周边

unit_7 - PHON

PHON: is a Greek root meaning “sound,” “voice,” or “speech.” It's probably most familiar in the form of the English suffix -phone, in words that begin with a Greek or Latin root as well. Thus, the tele- in telephone means “far,” the micro- in microphone means “small,” the xylo- in xylophone means “wood,” and so on.
phonics: 自然拼读法
phonetic: 语音的
polyphonic: 复调的
cacophony: 刺耳的声音

unit_7 - SENS

SENS: comes from the Latin noun sensus, meaning “feeling” or “sense.” Sense itself obviously comes straight from the Latin. A sensation is something you sense. And if you're sensitive, you feel or sense things sharply, maybe even too sharply.
sensor: 传感器
desensitize: 脱敏
extrasensory: 超感官的
sensuous: 感性的

unit_7 - SOPH

SOPH: come from the Greek words meaning “wise” and “wisdom.” In English the root sometimes appears in words where the wisdom is of the “wise guy” variety, but in words such as philosophy we see it used more respectfully.
sophistry: 诡辩
sophisticated: 复杂的
sophomoric: 二年级的
theosophy: 神智学

unit_7 - SPECT

SPECT: comes from the Latin verb specere, meaning “to look at,” and produces several familiar English words. Spectacles can be glasses that you look through; but a spectacle can also be a remarkable sight—in Roman times, perhaps a spectacular chariot race or a spectacularly bloody battle between gladiators and wild beasts, mounted for the pleasure of its spectators.
aspect: 方面
prospect: 前景
perspective: 看法
prospectus: 招股说明书

unit_7 - VIS

VIS: comes from a Latin verb meaning “see.” Vision is what enables us to see, visual images are visible to our eyes, and a visitor is someone who comes to see something. The same verb actually gives us another root, vid-, as in Julius Caesar's famous statement about his military exploits, “Veni, vidi, vici” (“I came, I saw, I conquered”), and such common English words as video.
vista: 远景
vis-à-vis: 相对
visionary: 有远见的
envisage: 设想

unit_7 - VOC

VOC: comes from the Latin words meaning “voice” and “speak.” So a vocal ensemble is a singing group. A vocation was originally a “calling” from God to do religious work as a priest, monk, or nun, though today most people use the word just to mean a career. And a vocabulary is a set of words for speaking.
equivocate: 模棱两可
irrevocable: 不可撤销的
advocate: 提倡
vociferous: 吵闹的

unit_7 - Words from Mythology and History

Words from Mythology and History: Achilles' heel A vulnerable point. • By now his rival for the Senate seat had discovered his Achilles' heel, the court records of the terrible divorce he had gone through ten years earlier. When the hero Achilles was an infant, his sea-nymph mother dipped him into the river Styx to make him immortal. But since she held him by one heel, this spot did not touch the water and so remained mortal and vulnerable, and it was here that Achilles was eventually mortally wounded. Today, the tendon that stretches up the calf from the heel is called the Achilles tendon. But the term Achilles' heel isn't used in medicine; instead, it's only used with the general meaning “weak point”—for instance, to refer to a section of a country's borders that aren't militarily protected, or to a Jeopardy contestant's ignorance in the Sports category.
arcadia: 阿卡迪亚
Cassandra: 卡桑德拉
cyclopean: 独眼巨人
draconian: 严厉的
myrmidon: 跟班
nemesis: 克星
Trojan horse: 特洛伊木马

unit_8 - EXTRA

EXTRA: is Latin for “outside” or “beyond.” So anything extraterrestrial or extragalactic takes place beyond the earth or the galaxy. Something extravagant, such as an extravaganza, goes way beyond the normal. And extra is naturally a word itself, a shortening of extraordinary, “beyond the ordinary.”
extradite: 引渡
extrapolate: 推断
extrovert: 外向的
extraneous: 无关的

unit_8 - LUC

LUC: comes from the Latin noun lux, “light,” and the verb lucere, “to shine or glitter.” In ancient Rome, Lucifer, meaning “Light-bearer,” was the name given to the morning star, but the name was eventually transferred by Christians to Satan. This tradition, which dates back to the period before Christ, said that Lucifer had once been among the angels but had wanted to be the great light in the sky, and for his pride had been cast out of heaven and thus became the opponent of everything good.
lucid: 清醒的
elucidate: 阐发
lucubration: 孵化
translucent: 半透明

unit_8 - MOR,MORT

MOR/MORT: comes from Latin words meaning “to die” and “death.” A mortuary is a place where dead bodies are kept until burial, and a postmortem examination is one conducted on a recently dead body. The Latin phrase “Memento mori” means “Remember that you must die”; so a memento mori is the name we give to a reminder of death; the skulls you can find carved on gravestones in old cemeteries are examples.
mortality: 死亡
moribund: 垂死
amortize: 缓冲
mortify: 羞辱

unit_8 - PAN

PAN: comes from a Greek word meaning “all”; as an English prefix, it can also mean “completely,” “whole,” or “general.” A panoramic view is a complete view in every direction. A pantheon is a temple dedicated to all the gods of a religion. A pandemic outbreak of a disease may not affect the entire human population, but enough to produce a catastrophe.
panacea: 万能药
pandemonium: 混乱
pantheism: 泛神论
panoply: 全套

unit_8 - PEND

PEND: comes from the Latin verb pendere, meaning “to hang” or “to weigh.” (In the Roman era, weighing something large often required hanging it from a hook on one side of the balance scales.) We find the root in English words like appendix, referring to that useless and sometimes troublesome tube that hangs from the intestine, or that section at the back of some books that might contain some useful additional information.
pendant: 吊坠
append: 附加
appendage: 附属物
suspend: 暂停

unit_8 - PHOT

PHOT: comes from the Greek word for “light.” Photography uses light to create an image on film or paper, and a photocopy is an image made by using light and tiny electrically charged ink particles.
photoelectric: 光电
photovoltaic: 光伏
photon: 光子
photosynthesis: 光合作用

unit_8 - PORT

PORT: comes from the Latin verb portare, meaning “to carry.” Thus, something portable can be carried around. A porter carries your luggage, whether through a train station or high into the Himalayas. When we transport something, we have it carried from one place to another. And goods for export are carried away to another country.
portage: 搬运
portfolio: 文件夹
comport: 康德
deportment: 仪态

unit_8 - TROPH

TROPH: comes from the Greek trophe, meaning “nourishment.” This particular troph- root doesn't show up in many everyday English words (the troph- in words like trophy, apostrophe, and catastrophe has a different meaning), but instead tends to appear in scientific terms.
atrophy: 萎缩
hypertrophy: 肥大
dystrophy: 营养不良
eutrophication: 富营养化

unit_8 - Words from Mythology and History

Words from Mythology and History: aeolian harp A box-shaped instrument with strings that produce musical sounds when the wind blows on them. • Poets have long been fascinated by the aeolian harp, the only instrument that produces music without a human performer. According to the ancient Greeks, Aeolus was the king or guardian of the winds. He lived in a cave with his many, many sons and daughters, and sent forth whatever wind Zeus asked for. When Odysseus stopped there on his way home from Troy, he received a bag of winds to fill his sails. But while he was asleep, his men, thinking it contained treasure, opened the bag and released the raging winds, which blew their ships all the way back to their starting point. An aeolian harp produces enchanting harmonies when the wind passes over it. According to Homer, it was the god Hermes who invented the harp, by having the wind blow over the dried sinews attached to the shell of a dead tortoise.
cynosure: 指环王
laconic: 简洁
mnemonic: 助记符
platonic: 柏拉图式的
sapphic: 女同性恋者
Socratic: 苏格拉底式
solecism: 谬误

unit_9 - COSM

COSM: comes from the Greek word for “order.” Since the Greeks believed the universe was an orderly place, words in this group usually relate to the universe. So cosmonaut was the word for a space traveler from the former Soviet Union. (The roots of our own word, astronaut, suggest “star traveler” instead.) Oddly enough, cosmetics comes from the same root, since putting things in order is similar to decorating something—such as your face.
cosmos: 宇宙
cosmology: 宇宙学
microcosm: 微观世界
cosmopolitan: 世界性的

unit_9 - FUG

FUG: comes from the Latin verb fugere, meaning “to flee or escape.” Thus, a refugee flees from some threat or danger, while a fugitive is usually fleeing from the law.
centrifugal: 离心式
refuge: 避难所
fugue: 赋格曲
subterfuge: 托词

unit_9 - HER

HER: comes from the Latin verb haerere, meaning “to stick.” Another form of the verb produces the root hes-, seen in such words as adhesive, which means basically “sticky” or “sticking,” and hesitate, which means more or less “stuck in one place.”
adherent: 依附者
cohere: 连贯
incoherent: 不连贯的
inherent: 固有

unit_9 - JUNCT

JUNCT: comes from the Latin verb jungere, meaning “to join.” A junction is a place where roads or railways come together. A conjunction is a word that joins two other words or groups of words: “this and that,” “to be or not to be.”
juncture: 契机
adjunct: 附件
disjunction: 析取
conjunct: 连词

unit_9 - MIS

MIS: comes from the Latin verb mittere, “to send.” A missile is something sent speeding through the air or water. And when your class is dismissed at the end of the day, you're sent home.
mission: 使命
missionary: 传教士
emissary: 使者
transmission: 传播

unit_9 - PART

PART: , from the Latin word pars, meaning “part,” comes into English most obviously in our word part. An apartment or compartment is part of a larger whole. The same is usually true of a particle.
bipartite: 两部分
impartial: 公正
participle: 分词
partisan: 党派

unit_9 - PEL

PEL: comes from the Latin verb pellere, meaning “to move or drive.” So a propeller moves a small airplane forward. And if you dispel someone's fears, you “drive them away.”
compel: 迫使
expel: 驱逐
impel: 促使
repel: 击退

unit_9 - SCI

SCI: comes from the Latin verb scire, “to know” or “to understand.” The root appears in such common words as science, which originally meant simply “knowledge,” and conscience, meaning “moral knowledge.” And to be conscious is to be in a state where you are able to know or understand.
conscientious: 尽责的
nescience: 无知
prescient: 有先见之明
unconscionable: 不合情理的

unit_9 - Words from Mythology

Words from Mythology: Quiz 9-1 Quiz 9-2 Quiz 9-3 Quiz 9-4 Quiz 9-5 Review Quizzes 9 HER comes from the Latin verb haerere, meaning “to stick.” Another form of the verb produces the root hes-, seen in such words as adhesive, which means basically “sticky” or “sticking,” and hesitate, which means more or less “stuck in one place.”
adherent: 依附者
cohere: 连贯
incoherent: 不连贯的
inherent: 固有
FUG: 福格
centrifugal: 离心式
refuge: 避难所
fugue: 赋格曲
subterfuge: 托词

unit_10 - AQU

AQU: comes from aqua, the Latin word for “water.” We keep pet fish in an aquarium at home or visit larger sea animals in a building with that name. Water sports such as swimming, canoeing, and sailing are sometimes called aquatics. In Scandinavia there's a popular drink called aquavit, the name coming from the Latin aqua vitae, “water of life”—though instead of water it mostly consists of alcohol.
aquaculture: 水产养殖
aquanaut: 潜水员
aqueduct: 渡槽
aquifer: 含水层

unit_10 - LOG

LOG: , from the Greek word logos, meaning “word,” “speech,” or “reason,” is found particularly in English words that end in -logy and -logue. The ending -logy often means “the study of”; so, for instance, biology is the study of life, and anthropology is the study of humans. And -logue usually indicates a type of discussion; thus, dialogue is conversation between two people or groups, and an epilogue is an author's last words on a subject. But exceptions aren't hard to find.
physiology: 生理
methodology: 方法论
ideology: 思想
cardiology: 心脏病学

unit_10 - MAR

MAR: , from the Latin word mare, meaning “sea,” brings its salty tang to several English words. A submarine is an undersea ship. Marine means basically “relating to the sea,” so when the Continental Marines were established back in 1775, their job was to provide on- board security on naval ships; but they immediately began to be used on land as well, and the marines have continued to operate on both land and sea ever since.
marina: 码头
aquamarine: 蓝晶
mariner: 水手
maritime: 海上

unit_10 - MATR,MATER

MATR/MATER: comes from the Greek and Latin words for “mother.” A matron is a mature woman with children. And matrimony is marriage itself, the traditional first step toward motherhood.
maternity: 产妇
matriarch: 女族长
matrilineal: 母系的
matrix: 矩阵

unit_10 - PATH

PATH: comes from the Greek word pathos, which means “feeling” or “suffering.” So a pathetic sight moves us to pity, and a sympathetic friend “feels with” you when you yourself are suffering.
pathos: 感伤
apathetic: 冷漠的
empathy: 共情
telepathic: 心灵感应的

unit_10 - PEN,PUN

PEN/PUN: comes from the Latin words poena, “penalty,” and punire, “to punish.” A penalty is, of course, a punishment.
penal: 刑事
impunity: 有罪不罚
penance: 苦行
punitive: 惩罚性的

unit_10 - PUT

PUT: comes from the Latin verb putare, meaning “to think, consider, or believe.” So, for example, a reputation is what others think of you. But when the root shows up in such words as compute, dispute, and deputy, its meaning is harder to trace.
reputed: 有名的
disrepute: 败坏名誉
impute: 推算
putative: 假定的

unit_10 - TERR

TERR: comes from the Latin terra, “earth.” A territory is a large expanse of land. Terra firma is Latin for “firm ground” as opposed to the swaying seas. A terrace is a leveled area, often one created for farming on a sloping hill. And the French word for potato, pomme de terre, means literally “apple of the earth.”
parterre: 花坛
subterranean: 地下
terrarium: 玻璃容器
terrestrial: 陆地的

unit_10 - Words from Mythology

Words from Mythology: cereal (1) A plant that produces grain that can be eaten as food, or the grain it produces. (2) The food made from grain. • Rice is the main food cereal of Asia, whereas wheat and corn are the main food cereals of the West. The Roman goddess Ceres, the equivalent of the Greek Demeter, was a calm goddess who didn't take part in the quarrels of the other gods. Her particular responsibility was the food-giving plants, and for that reason the food grains came to carry her name. Cereals of the ancient Romans included wheat, barley, spelt, oats, and millet—but not corn (maize), which was a cereal of the Americas.
Junoesque: 朱诺式
martial: 武术
Promethean: 普罗米修斯
Sisyphean: 西西弗斯式
titanic: 泰坦尼克号
Triton: 海卫一
vulcanize: 硫化

unit_11 - CANT

CANT: , from the Latin verb cantare, meaning “sing,” produces several words that come directly from Latin. But some others came to English by way of French, which added an h to the root, giving us such words as chant and chantey.
cantata: 康塔塔
incantation: 咒语
cantor: 领唱
descant: 解说

unit_11 - FAC

FAC: comes from the Latin verb facere, meaning “to make or do.” Thus, a fact was originally simply “something done.” A benefactor is someone who does good. And to manufacture is to make, usually in a factory.
factor: 因素
factotum: 杂工
facile: 容易的
facilitate: 促进

unit_11 - LINGU

LINGU: comes from the Latin word that means both “tongue” and “language,” and in English today tongue can still mean “language” (as in “her native tongue”). Our expression “slip of the tongue” is just a translation of the Latin phrase lapsus linguae. The root even shows up in a slangy-sounding word like lingo. And since lingu- changed to langu- in French, our word language is related as well.
linguistics: 语言学
multilingual: 多种语言
lingua franca: 通用语
linguine: 扁面条

unit_11 - LUM

LUM: comes from the Latin noun lumen, meaning “light.” Thus, our word illuminate means “to supply with light” or “make clear,” and illumination is light that shines on something.
lumen: 流明
luminous: 发光的
bioluminescent: 生物发光
luminary: 发光体

unit_11 - SPIR

SPIR: comes from the Latin words meaning “breath” and “breathe.” When we inspire others—that is, give them inspiration—it's as though we're breathing new energy and imagination into them. When you expire, or die, you “breathe out” your soul in your last breath. A license, membership, credit card, or free offer may also expire, at a time indicated by its expiration date.
spirited: 精神抖擞的
dispiriting: 令人沮丧的
respirator: 呼吸器
transpire: 发散

unit_11 - TURB

TURB: comes from the Latin verb turbare, “to throw into confusion or upset,” and the noun turba, “crowd” or “confusion.” So a disturbance, for example, confuses and upsets normal order or routine.
turbid: 混浊
perturb: 扰乱
turbine: 涡轮
turbulent: 动荡的

unit_11 - VER

VER: comes from the Latin word for “truth.” A verdict in a trial is “the truth spoken” (see DICT ). But a just verdict may depend on the veracity, or “truthfulness,” of the witnesses.
verify: 核实
aver: 断言
verisimilitude: 逼真
veracity: 真实性

unit_11 - VOLU,VOLV

VOLU/VOLV: comes from the Latin verb volvere, meaning “to roll, wind, turn around, or twist around.” Thus, revolve simply means “turn in circles.” And a volume was originally a scroll or roll of papyrus.
voluble: 健谈的
devolve: 移交
evolution: 进化
convoluted: 错综复杂的

unit_11 - Words from Mythology and History

Words from Mythology and History: muse A source of inspiration; a guiding spirit. • At 8:00 each morning he sat down at his desk and summoned his muse, and she almost always responded. The Muses were the nine Greek goddesses who presided over the arts (including music) and literature. A shrine to the Muses was called in Latin a museum. An artist or poet about to begin work would call on his particular Muse to inspire him, and a poem itself might begin with such a call; thus, Homer's Odyssey begins, “Sing to me of the man, Muse” (that is, of Odysseus). Today a muse may be one's special creative spirit, but some artists and writers have also chosen living human beings to serve as their muses.
iridescent: 彩虹色的
mausoleum: 陵
mentor: 导师
narcissism: 自恋
tantalize: 吊胃口
thespian: 戏剧的
zephyr: 和风

unit_12 - Animal Words

Animal Words: aquiline (1) Relating to eagles. (2) Curving like an eagle's beak. • The surviving busts of noble Romans show that many of the men had strong aquiline noses. Aquiline, from the Latin word meaning “eagle,” is most often used to describe a nose that has a broad curve and is slightly hooked, like a beak. The aquiline figure on the U.S. seal brandishes the arrows of war and the olive branch of peace. The word for eagle itself, Aquila, has been given to a constellation in the northern hemisphere.
asinine: 愚蠢
bovine: 牛
canine: 犬科动物
feline: 猫科动物
leonine: 狮子座
porcine: 猪
vulpine: 狐狸

unit_12 - CULT

CULT: comes from the Latin cultus, meaning “care.” So cultivation is care of something, such as a garden, in a way that encourages its growth. And culture is what is produced by cultivating human knowledge, skills, beliefs, manners, science, and art over many years.
acculturation: 文化适应
cross-cultural: 跨文化
horticulture: 园艺
subculture: 亚文化

unit_12 - DEM,DEMO

DEM/DEMO: comes from the Greek word meaning “people.” “Government by the people” was invented by the ancient Greeks, so it's appropriate that they were the first to come up with a word for it: demokratia, or democracy.
demographic: 人口统计
endemic: 地方性的
demagogue: 煽动者
demotic: 通俗的

unit_12 - ICON

ICON: comes from the Greek eikon, which led to the Latin icon, both meaning “image.” Though the icon- root hasn't produced many English words, the words that is does appear in tend to be interesting.
icon: 图标
iconic: 标志性的
iconoclast: 反传统者
iconography: 图像学

unit_12 - POPUL

POPUL: comes from the Latin word meaning “people,” and in fact forms the basis of the word people itself. So the population is the people of an area, and popular means not only “liked by many people” but also (as in popular culture) “relating to the general public.”
populist: 民粹主义者
populace: 民众
populous: 人口众多的
vox populi: 民众之声

unit_12 - THE,THEO

THE/THEO: comes from the Greek word meaning “god.” Theology, the study of religion, is practiced by theologians. Monotheism is the worship of a single god; Christianity, Islam, and Judaism are monotheistic religions, and all three worship the same god. Polytheistic religions such as those of ancient Greece and Rome, on the other hand, worship many gods.
apotheosis: 神化
atheistic: 无神论者
pantheon: 万神殿
theocracy: 神权政治

unit_12 - UMBR

UMBR: comes from the Latin umbra, meaning “shadow.” Thus, the familiar umbrella, with its ending meaning “little,” casts a “little shadow” to keep off the sun or the rain.
umber: 数字
adumbrate: 预示
penumbra: 半影
umbrage: 不满

unit_12 - URB

URB: comes from the Latin noun for “city.” Our word urban describes cities and the people who live in them. With its sub- prefix (see SUB ), a suburb is a town “near” or “under” a larger city, and suburban houses are home to suburbanites.
urbane: 彬彬有礼
exurban: 远郊的
interurban: 市际
urbanization: 城市化

unit_12 - VEST

VEST: comes from the Latin verb vestire, “to clothe” or “to dress,” and the noun vestis, “clothing” or “garment.” Vest is the shortest English word we have from this root, and is the name of a rather small piece of clothing.
divest: 撤资
investiture: 授予仪式
transvestite: 异装癖
travesty: 嘲讽

unit_13 - Animal Words

Animal Words: Quiz 13-1 Quiz 13-2 Quiz 13-3 Quiz 13-4 Quiz 13-5 Review Quizzes 13 CORD , from the Latin word for “heart,” turns up in several common English words. So does its Greek relative card-, which is familiar to us in words such as cardiac, “relating to the heart.”
accord: 符合
concord: 和睦
cordial: 亲切
discordant: 不和谐的
CULP: 中华人民共和会
culpable: 有罪的
exculpate: 开脱
inculpate: 归罪
mea culpa: 认错

unit_13 - ART

ART: comes from the Latin word for “skill.” This reminds us that, until a few centuries ago, almost no one made a strong distinction between skilled craftsmanship and what we would now call “art.” And the word art itself could also mean simply “cleverness.” The result is that this root appears in some words where we might not expect it.
artful: 巧
artifact: 人工制品
artifice: 技巧
artisan: 工匠

unit_13 - CIS

CIS: comes from the Latin verb meaning “to cut, cut down, or slay.” An incisor is one of the big front biting teeth; beavers and woodchucks have especially large ones. A decision “cuts off” previous discussion and uncertainty.
concise: 简洁的
excise: 消费税
incisive: 尖锐
precision: 精确

unit_13 - CORD

CORD: , from the Latin word for “heart,” turns up in several common English words. So does its Greek relative card-, which is familiar to us in words such as cardiac, “relating to the heart.”
accord: 符合
concord: 和睦
cordial: 亲切
discordant: 不和谐的

unit_13 - CULP

CULP: comes from the Latin word for “guilt.” Its best-known appearance in English is probably in culprit, meaning someone who is guilty of a crime.
culpable: 有罪的
exculpate: 开脱
inculpate: 归罪
mea culpa: 认错

unit_13 - DICT

DICT: comes from dicere, the Latin word meaning “to speak.” So a dictionary is a treasury of words for speaking. And a contradiction (with its prefix contra-, “against”) speaks against or denies something.
diction: 措辞
edict: 法令
jurisdiction: 管辖权
dictum: 格言

unit_13 - FORT

FORT: comes from fortis, Latin for “strong.” The familiar noun fort, meaning a building strengthened against possible attacks, comes directly from it. And our verb comfort actually means “to give strength and hope to.”
fortify: 强化
fortification: 筑城
forte: 长处
fortitude: 刚毅

unit_13 - GNI,GNO

GNI/GNO: comes from a Greek and Latin verb meaning “to know,” and can be found at the root of know itself. Among other words built from this root, you may recognize (“know again”) some and be ignorant of (“not know”) others. But only an ignoramus would know absolutely none of them.
cognitive: 认知的
agnostic: 不可知论者
incognito: 隐姓埋名
prognosis: 预后

unit_13 - GRAPH

GRAPH: comes from the Greek verb graphein, “to write.” Thus, a biography is a written account of someone's life (see BIO ), a discography is a written list of recordings on disc (records or CDs), and a filmography is a list of motion pictures. But lots of uses of - graph and -graphy don't mean literally “writing” (as in autograph or paragraph), but instead something more like “recording,” as in photography, seismograph, or graph itself.
calligraphy: 书法
hagiography: 圣徒传记
choreography: 编舞
lithograph: 石版画

unit_14 - AB,ABS

AB/ABS: comes to us from Latin, and means “from,” “away,” or “off.” Abuse is the use of something in the wrong way. To abduct is to “lead away from” or kidnap. Aberrant behavior is behavior that “wanders away from” what is acceptable. But there are so many words that include these roots that it would be absurd to try to list them all here.
abscond: 潜逃
abstemious: 节制的
abstraction: 抽象
abstruse: 奥

unit_14 - CRYPT

CRYPT: comes from the Greek word for “hidden.” To encrypt a message is to encode it—that is, to hide its meaning in code language. When a scientific term begins with crypto-, it always means that there's something hidden about it .
crypt: 地穴
encrypt: 加密
cryptic: 神秘的
cryptography: 密码学

unit_14 - MONO

MONO: comes from the Greek monos, meaning “along” or “single.” So a monorail is a railroad that has only one rail; a monocle is an old-fashioned eyeglass that a gentleman used to squeeze into his eye socket; a monotonous voice seems to have only one tone; and a monopoly puts all ownership of a type of product or service in the hands of a single company.
monogamous: 一夫一妻制
monoculture: 单一栽培
monolithic: 整体式的
monotheism: 一神论

unit_14 - NEO

NEO: comes from the Greek neos, meaning “new.” Neo- has become a part of many English words. Some are easy to understand; for example, neo-Nazi. Some are less so; you might not immediately guess that neotropical means “from the tropics of the New World,” or that a neophyte is a “newcomer.” When William Ramsay discovered four new gases, he named them all using Greek roots that at first glance might sound slightly mysterious: argon (“idle”), krypton (“hidden”), xenon (“strange”)—and neon (“new”).
neoclassic: 新古典主义
Neolithic: 新石器时代
neoconservative: 新保守主义
neonatal: 新生儿

unit_14 - NOV

NOV: comes from the Latin word novus, meaning “new.” To renovate an old house is to “make it new again”—that is, put it back in tip-top shape. The long-running PBS show Nova keeps its large audience up to date on what's new in the world of science. And when the British king sent Scottish settlers to a large island off Canada's Atlantic coast in the 17th century, he named it Nova Scotia, or “New Scotland.”
novice: 新手
novel: 小说
innovation: 创新
supernova: 超新星

unit_14 - Number Words

Number Words: MONO comes from the Greek monos, meaning “along” or “single.” So a monorail is a railroad that has only one rail; a monocle is an old-fashioned eyeglass that a gentleman used to squeeze into his eye socket; a monotonous voice seems to have only one tone; and a monopoly puts all ownership of a type of product or service in the hands of a single company.
monogamous: 一夫一妻制
monoculture: 单一栽培
monolithic: 整体式的
monotheism: 一神论
UNI: 大学
unicameral: 一院制
unilateral: 单方面
unison: 一致
unitarian: 一神论者

unit_14 - PED-

PED-: comes from the Greek word for “child.” The same root also has the meaning “foot” (see PED ), but in English words it usually isn't hard to tell the two apart.
pedagogy: 教育学
pedant: 学究
pediatrician: 儿科医生
encyclopedic: 百科全书式的

unit_14 - POS

POS: comes from the Latin verb ponere, meaning “to put” or “to place.” You expose film by “placing it out” in the light. You compose a song by “putting together” a series of notes. And you oppose locating a new prison in your town by “putting yourself against” it.
impose: 强加
juxtapose: 并置
transpose: 转置
superimpose: 叠加

unit_14 - TEN

TEN: , from the Latin verb tenere, basically means “hold” or “hold on to.” A tenant is the “holder” of an apartment, house, or land, but not necessarily the owner. A lieutenant governor may “hold the position” ( “serve in lieu”) of the governor when necessary.
tenure: 终身教职
tenacious: 顽强
tenable: 站得住脚的
tenet: 宗旨

unit_14 - TROP

TROP: comes from the Greek tropos, meaning “turn” or “change.” The troposphere is the level of the atmosphere where most weather changes—or “turns in the weather”—occur. And the Tropics of Cancer and Capricorn are the lines of latitude where the sun is directly overhead when it reaches its northernmost and southernmost points, on about June 22 and December 22 every year —that is, the point where it seems to turn and go back the other way.
tropism: 向性
entropy: 熵
heliotrope: 鸡血石
psychotropic: 精神药物

unit_14 - UNI

UNI: Number Words Quiz 14-1 Quiz 14-2 Quiz 14-3 Quiz 14-4 Quiz 14-5 Review Quizzes 14 CRYPT comes from the Greek word for “hidden.” To encrypt a message is to encode it—that is, to hide its meaning in code language. When a scientific term begins with crypto-, it always means that there's something hidden about it .
crypt: 地穴
encrypt: 加密
cryptic: 神秘的
cryptography: 密码学
AB/ABS: AB/ABS
abscond: 潜逃
abstemious: 节制的
abstraction: 抽象
abstruse: 奥

unit_15 - BI,BIN

BI/BIN: also means “two” or “double.” A bicycle has two wheels, and binoculars consist of two little telescopes. Bigamy is marriage to two people at once. And a road built through the middle of a neighborhood bisects it into two pieces.
terminal: 终端
indeterminate: 不定
interminable: 没完没了的
terminus: 终点站
GEO: 地球轨道
geocentric: 地心说
geophysics: 地球物理学
geostationary: 对地静止
geothermal: 地热

unit_15 - DI,DUP

DI/DUP: Greek and Latin prefixes meaning “two,” show up in both technical and nontechnical terms, with dup- sometimes shortened to du-. So a duel is a battle between two people. A duet is music for a duo, or pair of musicians. A duplicate is an exact copy, or twin. And if you have dual citizenship, you belong to two countries at once.
dichotomy: 二分法
dimorphic: 二态性
duplex: 复式
duplicity: 表里不一

unit_15 - DOC,DOCT

DOC/DOCT: comes from the Latin docere, which means “to teach.” So, for instance, a doctor was originally a highly educated person capable of instructing others in a field—which usually wasn't medicine.
doctrine: 教义
docent: 讲解员
doctrinaire: 教条主义
indoctrinate: 灌输

unit_15 - FORM

FORM: is the Latin root meaning “shape” or “form.” When you march in formation, you're moving in ordered patterns. And a formula is a standard form for expressing information, such as a rule written in mathematical symbols, or the “Sincerely yours” that often ends a letter.
format: 格式
conform: 符合
formality: 形式
formative: 形成性的

unit_15 - GEO

GEO: comes from the Greek word for “Earth.” Geography is the science that deals with features of the Earth's surface. Geologists study rocks and soil to learn about the Earth's history and resources. Geometry was originally about measuring portions of the Earth's surface, probably originally in order to determine where the boundaries of Egyptians' farms lay after the annual flooding by the Nile River.
geocentric: 地心说
geophysics: 地球物理学
geostationary: 对地静止
geothermal: 地热

unit_15 - MORPH

MORPH: comes from the Greek word for “shape.” Morph is itself an English word with a brand-new meaning, which was needed when we began to digitally alter photographic images or shapes to make them move or transform themselves in often astonishing ways.
amorphous: 无定形
anthropomorphic: 拟人化的
metamorphosis: 变态
morphology: 形态学

unit_15 - SPHER

SPHER: comes from the Greek word for “ball.” A ball is itself a sphere, as is the ball that we call Earth. So is the atmosphere, and so are several other invisible “spheres” that encircle the Earth.
spherical: 球形
stratosphere: 平流层
biosphere: 生物圈
hemisphere: 半球

unit_15 - TERM,TERMIN

TERM/TERMIN: comes from the Latin verb terminare, “to limit, bound, or set limits to,” and the noun terminus, “limit or boundary.” In English, those boundaries or limits tend to be final. A term goes on for a given amount of time and then ends, and to terminate a sentence or a meeting or a ballgame means to end it.
terminal: 终端
indeterminate: 不定
interminable: 没完没了的
terminus: 终点站

unit_15 - TUT,TUI

TUT/TUI: comes from a Latin verb meaning “to look after,” and in English the root generally shows up in words that include the meaning “guide,” “guard,” or “teach”—such as tutor, the name for a private teacher who guides a student (or tutee) through a subject.
tutorial: 教程
tuition: 学费
intuition: 直觉
tutelage: 监护

unit_15 - VERT

VERT: comes from the Latin verb vertere, meaning “to turn” or “to turn around.” Vertigo is the dizziness that makes it seem as if everything is turning around you. And an advertisement turns your attention to a product or service.
divert: 转移
converter: 转换器
avert: 避免
revert: 恢复

unit_16 - CENTR,CENTER

CENTR/CENTER: comes from the Greek kentron and the Latin centrum, meaning “sharp point” or “center point of a circle.” A centrifuge is a spinning machine that throws things outward from the center; the apparent force that pushes them outward is called centrifugal force.
eccentric: 偏心
epicenter: 震中
egocentric: 以自我为中心
ethnocentric: 民族中心主义

unit_16 - CHRON

CHRON: comes from the Greek word for “time.” A chronicle records the events of a particular time, which is why so many newspapers have the name Chronicle. A chronometer is a device for measuring time, usually one that's more accurate (and more expensive) than an ordinary watch or clock.
chronic: 慢性的
chronology: 年表
anachronism: 不合时宜
synchronous: 同步

unit_16 - DOM

DOM: comes from the Latin domus, “house,” and dominus, “master,” and the two are indeed related. In the Bible, King Ahasuerus, angered by his queen's disobedience, proclaims that “every man is to be master of his own house,” and in the Roman empire no one doubted that this was how it was meant to be. A domain is the area where a person has authority or is dominant—but we no longer think of a house as the domain of a single dominant member of a family.
dominion: 统治
predominant: 占主导地位的
domineering: 盛气凌人
domination: 统治

unit_16 - HOL,HOLO

HOL/HOLO: meaning “whole,” comes from the Greek word holos, with the same meaning. The root can be found in catholic. When capitalized, Catholic refers to the worldwide Christian church based in Rome, which was once the “whole”—that is, the only—Christian church. Without the capital letter, catholic means simply “universal” or, when describing a person, “broad in one's interests or tastes.”
holistic: 整体的
hologram: 全息图
Holocene: 全新世
holocaust: 大屠杀

unit_16 - OMNI

OMNI: comes from the Latin word omnis, meaning “all.” So in English words, omni- can mean “in all ways,” “in all places,” or “without limits.” An omnidirectional antenna, for example, is one that receives or sends radio waves equally well in all directions. And Omni by itself has been used repeatedly as a brand name for things as different as a hotel chain and a science magazine.
omnivore: 杂食动物
omnipotent: 无所不能
omnibus: 综合车
omniscient: 无所不知

unit_16 - RETRO

RETRO: means “back,” “backward,” or “behind” in Latin. Retro in English is generally a prefix, but has also become a word in its own right, usually used to describe old styles or fashions.
retroactive: 追溯性的
retrofit: 改造
retrogress: 倒退
retrospective: 回顾性的

unit_16 - TEMPOR

TEMPOR: comes from the Latin tempus, meaning “time.” A temporary repair is meant to last only a short time. The tempo, or speed, of a country-and-western ballad is usually different from that of a hip-hop number. The Latin phrase Tempus fugit means “Time flies,” an observation that seems more true during summer vacation than in the dead of winter.
temporal: 颞
contemporary: 当代的
extemporaneous: 即席
temporize: 拖延

unit_16 - TOP

TOP: comes from topos, the Greek word for “place.” A topic is a subject rather than a place; to the Greeks, the original word meant more or less “about one place or subject (rather than another)”— which just goes to show that it's not always easy to trace a word's meaning from its roots.
topical: 话题性的
ectopic: 异位的
utopian: 乌托邦的
topography: 地形

unit_16 - TRI

TRI: Number Words Quiz 16-1 Quiz 16-2 Quiz 16-3 Quiz 16-4 Quiz 16-5 Review Quizzes 16 TOP comes from topos, the Greek word for “place.” A topic is a subject rather than a place; to the Greeks, the original word meant more or less “about one place or subject (rather than another)”— which just goes to show that it's not always easy to trace a word's meaning from its roots.
topical: 话题性的
ectopic: 异位的
utopian: 乌托邦的
topography: 地形
CENTR/CENTER: 中心/中心
eccentric: 偏心
epicenter: 震中
egocentric: 以自我为中心
ethnocentric: 民族中心主义

unit_17 - ANIM

ANIM: comes from the Latin anima, meaning “breath” or “soul.” So, for example, an animal is a living, breathing thing—though human animals have often argued about whether other species actually have souls.
animated: 动画
magnanimous: 坦荡
animosity: 敌意
inanimate: 无生命的

unit_17 - ANN,ENN

ANN/ENN: comes from Latin annus, meaning “year.” An annual event occurs yearly. An anniversary is an example of an annual event, although the older you get the more frequent they seem to be.
annuity: 年金
superannuated: 退休
millennium: 千年
perennial: 多年生

unit_17 - CODI,CODE

CODI/CODE: comes from the Latin codex, meaning “trunk of a tree” or “document written on wooden tablets.” A code can be either a set of laws or a system of symbols used to write messages. To encode a message is to write it in code. A genetic code, transmitted by genes, is a set of instructions for everything from blood type to eye color.
codex: 法典
codicil: 附录
codify: 编纂
decode: 解码

unit_17 - CORP

CORP: comes from corpus, the Latin word for “body.” A corpse is a dead body. A corporation is also a kind of body, since it may act almost like an individual. And a corps is a “body” of soldiers.
corporeal: 有形的
corpulent: 肥胖的
corporal: 下士
incorporate: 包含

unit_17 - EV

EV: comes from the Latin aevum, “age” or “lifetime.” Though the root occurs in only a few English words, it's related to the Greek aion, “age,” from which we get the word eon, meaning “a very long period of time.”
coeval: 同时代的
longevity: 长寿
medieval: 中世纪
primeval: 原始

unit_17 - FIG

FIG: comes from a Latin verb meaning “to shape or mold” and a noun meaning “a form or shape.” So a figure is usually a shape. A transfiguration transforms the shape or appearance of something. And a disfiguring injury changes the appearance of part of the body for the worse.
figurative: 比喻的
configuration: 配置
effigy: 肖像
figment: 虚构的

unit_17 - QUADR,QUART

QUADR/QUART: comes from Latin words meaning “four” or “fourth.” In English, a quart is one-fourth of a gallon, just as a quarter is one-fourth of a dollar. A quadrangle has four sides and angles but isn't necessarily square. And quadruplets are four babies born at the same time.
quadrant: 象限
quadrille: 四边形
quadriplegic: 四肢瘫痪的
quartile: 四分位数

unit_17 - SIGN

SIGN: comes from the Latin noun signum, “mark or sign.” A signal is a kind of sign. Your signature is your own personal sign. And an architect's design marks out the pattern for a building.
signify: 表示
insignia: 徽章
signatory: 签字人
signet: 印章

unit_17 - TANG,TACT

TANG/TACT: comes from the Latin words tangere, “to touch,” and tactus, “sense of touch.” So, for instance, to make contact is to touch or “get in touch with.”
tact: 机智
tactile: 触
tangential: 切向的
tangible: 有形

unit_17 - TETR

TETR: Number Words Quiz 17-1 Quiz 17-2 Quiz 17-3 Quiz 17-4 Quiz 17-5 Review Quizzes 17 ANIM comes from the Latin anima, meaning “breath” or “soul.” So, for example, an animal is a living, breathing thing—though human animals have often argued about whether other species actually have souls.
animated: 动画
magnanimous: 坦荡
animosity: 敌意
inanimate: 无生命的
FIG: 如图
figurative: 比喻的
configuration: 配置
effigy: 肖像
figment: 虚构的

unit_18 - ANTHROP

ANTHROP: comes from the Greek word for “human being.” So an anthropomorphic god, such as Zeus or Athena, basically looks and acts like a human. And in Aesop's fables and many animated cartoons, animals are usually anthropomorphized and behave exactly like furry, four-legged human beings.
anthropoid: 类人猿
anthropology: 人类学
misanthropic: 厌世的
lycanthropy: 狼化

unit_18 - CAPIT

CAPIT: , from the Latin word for “head,” caput, turns up in some important places. The head of a ship is its captain, and the capital of a state or country is where the “head of state” works. A capital letter stands head and shoulders above a lowercase letter, as well as at the head (beginning) of a sentence.
capitalism: 资本主义
capitulate: 投降
decapitate: 杀头
recapitulate: 概括

unit_18 - CRIT

CRIT: comes from a Greek verb that means “to judge” or “to decide.” So a film critic judges a movie and tells us what's good or bad about it. Her critical opinion may convince us not to go, or we may overlook any negative criticism and see it anyway.
criterion: 标准
critique: 批判
hypercritical: 挑眼
hematocrit: 血细胞比容

unit_18 - DYNAM

DYNAM: comes from the Greek dynamis, meaning “power.” A dyne is a unit used in measuring force; an instrument that measures force is called a dynamometer. And when Alfred Nobel invented a powerful explosive in 1867, he named it dynamite.
dynamic: 动态的
dynamo: 发电机
aerodynamics: 空气动力学
hydrodynamic: 流体动力学

unit_18 - GRAD

GRAD: comes from the Latin noun gradus, “step” or “degree,” and the verb gradi, “to step, walk.” A grade is a step up or down on a scale of some kind, and a gradual change takes place in small steps.
gradation: 层次
degrade: 降级
gradient: 坡度
retrograde: 逆行

unit_18 - JUR

JUR: comes from the Latin verb jurare, “to swear, take an oath,” and the noun jus, “right or law.” A jury, made up of jurors, makes judgments based on the law. And a personal injury was originally something done to you that a court would find unjust.
jurisprudence: 法理
abjure: 放弃誓言
perjury: 伪证
de jure: 法律上的

unit_18 - KINE

KINE: comes from the Greek word kinesis, meaning “movement.” Kinetic energy is the energy of motion (as opposed to potential energy, the kind of energy held by a stretched elastic band). Kinetic art is art that has moving parts, such as Alexander Calder's famous mobiles. And cinema, the art of moving pictures, actually comes from the same kine- root as well.
kinesiology: 运动机能学
hyperkinetic: 多动症
kinescope: 显象管
telekinesis: 心灵遥感

unit_18 - PENT

PENT: comes from the Greek word for “five.” The Pentagon in Washington, D.C., the world's largest office building, has five sides just like any other pentagon. And a pentatonic scale in music has only five notes, rather than the seven notes of the major or minor scale.
pentathlon: 五项全能
Pentateuch: 摩西五经
pentameter: 五音步
Pentecostal: 五旬节派

unit_18 - QUINT

QUINT: Number Words Quiz 18-1 Quiz 18-2 Quiz 18-3 Quiz 18-4 Quiz 18-5 Review Quizzes 18 CAPIT , from the Latin word for “head,” caput, turns up in some important places. The head of a ship is its captain, and the capital of a state or country is where the “head of state” works. A capital letter stands head and shoulders above a lowercase letter, as well as at the head (beginning) of a sentence.
capitalism: 资本主义
capitulate: 投降
decapitate: 杀头
recapitulate: 概括
ANTHROP: 人猿
anthropoid: 类人猿
anthropology: 人类学
misanthropic: 厌世的
lycanthropy: 狼化

unit_18 - REG

REG: , from the Latin regula, meaning “rule,” has given us many English words. Something regular follows a rule of some kind, even if it's just a law of nature. A regime can be a form of rule or government. To regulate an industry means to make and enforce rules, or regulations, for it; removing such rules is called deregulation.
regimen: 养生法
interregnum: 空位期
regalia: 王权
regency: 摄政

unit_19 - BIO

BIO: comes from the Greek word for “life,” and forms the base for many English words. Biology, for instance, is the study of living forms and life processes; the biosphere is the entire area of and above the earth where life can exist; and biotechnology is the use of living organisms to create useful products.
bionic: 仿生的
biopsy: 活检
biodegradable: 可生物降解
symbiosis: 共生

unit_19 - CENT

CENT: from the Latin centum, means “one hundred.” A dollar is made up of a hundred cents, though other monetary systems use centavos or centimes as the smallest coin. A centipede has what appears to be a hundred feet, though the actual number varies greatly. But there really are a hundred years in a century.
centenary: 百年的
centigrade: 摄氏温度
centimeter: 厘米

unit_19 - DEC

DEC: comes from both Greek and Latin and means “ten.” So a decade lasts for ten years; the decimal system is based on ten; and a decahedron is a geometrical shape with ten sides.
decalogue: 十诫
decathlon: 十项全能
decibel: 分贝
decimate: 消灭

unit_19 - FRACT

FRACT: comes from the Latin verb frangere, “to break or shatter.” A fraction is one of the pieces into which a whole can be broken, and a fracture is a break in a wall, a rock, or a bone.
fractious: 暴躁的
fractal: 分形
infraction: 违规
refraction: 折射

unit_19 - FUNCT

FUNCT: comes from the Latin verb fungi, “to perform, carry out.” If your car is functional, it's able to perform its function of providing transportation. But a functional illiterate is a person who, for all practical or functional purposes, might as well not be able to read or write at all.
functionary: 官员
malfunction: 故障
defunct: 不复存在的
dysfunctional: 功能失调的

unit_19 - GEN

GEN: , which comes from the Greek genos, meaning “birth,” has generated dozens of English words. A set of genes, for instance, gives birth to a living being. And a genealogy is a historical map of your family, showing how each generation gave birth to the next.
genesis: 起源
generator: 发电机
genre: 类型
carcinogenic: 致癌的

unit_19 - MUT

MUT: comes from the Latin mutare, “to change.” Plenty of science- fiction movies—Godzilla, The Fly, The Incredible Shrinking Man— used to be made on the subject of weird mutations, changes in normal people or animals that usually end up causing death and destruction. What causes the unfortunate victim to mutate may be a mysterious or alien force, or perhaps invisible radiation. Though the science in these films isn't always right on target, the scare factor of an army of mutants can be hard to beat.
commute: 通勤
immutable: 不可变的
permutation: 排列
transmute: 转化

unit_19 - NEG

NEG: and its variants nec- and ne- are prefixes of denial or refusal in Latin, and the Latin verb negare means “to say no.” To negate something is to make it ineffective, and something negative denies, contradicts, refuses, or reverses.
negligent: 疏忽的
abnegation: 放弃
negligible: 微不足道
renege: 食言

unit_19 - Number Words

Number Words: DEC comes from both Greek and Latin and means “ten.” So a decade lasts for ten years; the decimal system is based on ten; and a decahedron is a geometrical shape with ten sides.
decalogue: 十诫
decathlon: 十项全能
decibel: 分贝
decimate: 消灭
CENT: 中央电视台
centenary: 百年
centigrade: 摄氏度
centimeter: 厘米
centurion: 百夫长

unit_19 - PHIL

PHIL: comes from the Greek word meaning “love.” In philosophy, it's joined with sophia, “wisdom,” so philosophy means literally “love of wisdom.” When joined with biblio-, “book,” the result is bibliophile, or “lover of books.” And Philadelphia, containing the Greek word adelphos, “brother,” was named by its Quaker founder, William Penn, as the city of “brotherly love.”
oenophile: 嗜酒者
philatelist: 集邮家
Anglophile: 亲英派
philanthropy: 慈善事业

unit_19 - TELE

TELE: has as its basic meanings “distant” or “at a distance.” A telescope is for looking at far-off objects; a camera's telephoto lens magnifies a distant scene for a photograph; and a television lets us watch things taking place far away.
telegenic: 上镜的
teleological: 目的论的
telemetry: 遥测
telecommute: 远程办公

unit_20 - FLU

FLU: comes from the Latin verb fluere, “to flow.” So a flume is a narrow gorge with a stream flowing through it. A fluent speaker is one from whom words flow easily. Influence originally referred to an invisible fluid that was believed to flow from the stars and to affect the actions of humans. A mysterious outbreak of disease in 15th- century Italy led Italians to blame it on the stars' influenza—and the name stuck.
affluence: 富裕
effluent: 废水
confluence: 合流
mellifluous: 柔和的

unit_20 - GREG

GREG: comes from the Latin grex, “herd” or “flock.” Bees, starlings, cows—any creatures that like to live together in flocks or herds—are called gregarious, and the same word is used for people who enjoy companionship and are happiest when they're in the middle of a rowdy herd.
aggregate: 总计的
congregation: 会众
egregious: 令人震惊的
segregate: 分离

unit_20 - HEMI,SEMI

HEMI/SEMI: means “half.” Hemi- comes from Greek, semi- from Latin. A hemisphere is half a sphere, and a semicircle is half a circle. (The French prefix demi-, which probably developed from Latin as well, also means “half”—as in demitasse, a little after-dinner coffee cup half the size of a regular cup.)
nominal: 名义上的
nomenclature: 命名法
ignominious: 可耻
misnomer: 误称
PATER/PATR: 佩特/佩特
patrician: 贵族
patriarchy: 父权制
expatriate: 外籍人士
paternalistic: 家长式的

unit_20 - LEGA

LEGA: comes from the Latin legare, meaning “to appoint” or “to send as a deputy.” The same root actually shows up in such words as legal—but how the law connects with sending deputies can get awfully complicated and probably isn't worth going into.
legate: 使节
legacy: 遗产
delegation: 代表团
relegate: 贬谪

unit_20 - MILL

MILL: means either “a thousand” or “a thousandth.” A millennium is a thousand years, and a million is a thousand thousands. But a milligram is a thousandth of a gram, a milliliter a thousandth of a liter, and a millimeter a thousandth of a meter.
millefleur: 千花
millenarianism: 千禧年主义
millipede: 千足虫
millisecond: 毫秒

unit_20 - NOM

NOM: comes from the Latin word for “name.” A nominee is a person “named”—or nominated—to run for or serve in office. A binomial (“two names”) is the scientific name for a species: Felis catus for the house cat, for example. A polynomial, with “many names,” is an algebra expression involving several terms: 2x + 9y – z , for instance.
nominal: 名义上的
nomenclature: 命名法
ignominious: 可耻
misnomer: 误称

unit_20 - PATER,PATR

PATER/PATR: comes from both the Greek and the Latin word for “father.” So a patron, for example, is someone who assumes a fatherly role toward an institution or project or individual, giving moral and financial support.
patrician: 贵族
patriarchy: 父权制
expatriate: 外籍人士
paternalistic: 家长式的

unit_20 - PREHEND,PREHENS

PREHEND/PREHENS: comes from the Latin verb prehendere, “to seize.” Most of the English words where it appears are closely related to the ones discussed below.
prehensile: 可抓握的
apprehend: 逮捕
comprehend: 理解
reprehensible: 应受谴责的

unit_20 - PURG

PURG: comes from the Latin verb purgare, “to clean or cleanse.” Almost all the English words where it shows up are closely related to those discussed below.
purge: 清除
expurgate: 清除
purgative: 泻药
purgatory: 炼狱

unit_20 - TEMPER

TEMPER: comes from the Latin verb temperare, “to moderate or keep within limits” or “to mix.” Most of the world's people live in the temperate zone—that is, the zone where the temperature is moderate, between the hot tropics and the icy Arctic and Antarctic Circles. It's less easy to see how we get temperature from this root; the word actually used to refer to the mixing of different basic elements in the body, and only slowly came to mean how hot or cold that body was.
temper: 脾气
temperance: 节制
intemperate: 不节制的
distemper: 犬瘟热

unit_21 - ANT,ANTI

ANT/ANTI: is a Latin prefix meaning “against.” An anticlimax is the opposite of a climax. An antiseptic or antibiotic fights germs. An antacid attacks acid in the stomach. And an antidote works against the effects of a poison.
antagonist: 拮抗剂
antigen: 抗原
antipathy: 反感
antithesis: 对立

unit_21 - CONTRA

CONTRA: is the Latin equivalent of anti-, and it too means essentially “against” or “contrary to.” A contrast “stands against” something else that it's compared to. And contrapuntal music, as in the music of Bach, sets one melody against another played at the same time and produces harmony (which no one is opposed to).
contraband: 违禁品
contraindication: 禁忌症
contravene: 违反
contrarian: 逆向思维

unit_21 - Greek and Latin Borrowings

Greek and Latin Borrowings: in memoriam In memory of. • The message on the pedestal begins “In memoriam” and then lists the names of the local young men who died in World War I. Since the days of the Roman empire, the words In memoriam, followed by a name, have been found on monuments and gravestones. They may also appear in the dedication of a book or poem; Alfred Tennyson's greatest poem is his immense In Memoriam, written over a period of 17 years to mourn the death of his dear friend Arthur Hallam.
magnum opus: 巨著
memento mori: 死亡纪念品
habeas corpus: 人身保护令
rigor mortis: 尸僵
sine qua non: 必要条件
tabula rasa: 白板
terra incognita: 未知领域

unit_21 - HYPER

HYPER: is a Greek prefix that means “above or beyond,” so hyper- often means about the same thing as super-. Hyperinflation is inflation that's growing at a very high rate. To be hypercritical or hypersensitive is to be critical or sensitive beyond the normal. And if you hyperextend a knee or elbow, it means you're actually bending it backward.
hyperactive: 过度活跃
hyperbole: 夸张
hypertension: 高血压
hyperventilate: 过度换气

unit_21 - META

META: is a prefix in English that generally means “behind” or “beyond.” In medicine, for example, the metacarpal bones are the hand bones that come right after, or beyond, the carpal or wrist bones. And metalanguage is language used to talk about language, which requires going beyond normal language.
metadata: 元数据
metaphorical: 隐喻的
metaphysics: 形而上学
metonymy: 转喻

unit_21 - PARA

PARA: is a Greek prefix usually meaning “beside” or “closely related to.” So parallel lines run beside each other. And a Greek paragraphos was originally a line written beside the main text of a play to show where a new person begins speaking; today we just start a new paragraph on a new line.
paraphrase: 释义
paralegal: 律师助理
paramedic: 护理人员
paramilitary: 准军事化的

unit_21 - PER

PER: is a Latin preposition that generally means “through,” “throughout,” or “thoroughly.” Thus, perforate means “to bore through,” perennial means “throughout the years,” and permanent means “remaining throughout.” And the “thoroughly” sense shows up in persuade, for “thoroughly advise,” and perverted, “thoroughly turned around.”
percolate: 过滤
pervade: 弥漫
permeate: 渗透
persevere: 坚持下去

unit_21 - PRE

PRE: , one of the most common of all English prefixes, comes from prae, the Latin word meaning “before” or “in front of.” So a prediction forecasts what will happen before it occurs. The 5:00 TV news precedes the 6:00 news. And someone with a prejudice against a class of people has judged them before having even met them.
preclude: 排除
precocious: 早熟
predispose: 倾向于
prerequisite: 前提条件

unit_21 - SUB

SUB: means “under.” So a subway runs under the streets, and a submarine moves under the ocean's surface. A subject is a person under the authority of another. A movie's subplot is lower in importance than the main plot. Subscribe once meant “to write one's name underneath,” so subscription was the act of signing a document or agreement.
subconscious: 潜意识
subjugate: 征服
subliminal: 潜意识的
subversion: 颠覆

unit_22 - ACER,ACR

ACER/ACR: comes from the Latin adjective acer, meaning “sharp” or “sour.” Grapefruit and limes have an acid taste; acid can also describe a person's sense of humor (other words for it might be sharp or biting). The acidity of the soil often indicates whether it's good for growing certain crops; blueberries, for instance, love acid soil, so they're more likely to be found east of the Mississippi River, where acid soil is the rule.
acerbic: 尖刻的
acrid: 辛辣
acrimony: 尖刻的
exacerbate: 加剧

unit_22 - CLUS

CLUS: comes from the Latin claudere, “to close.” Words based on the Latin verb often have forms in which the d becomes an s. So, for example, include, which once meant “to shut up or enclose” and now means “to contain,” has the related word inclusive, which means “including everything.”
occlusion: 闭塞
exclusive: 独家的
recluse: 隐士
seclusion: 隔离

unit_22 - Greek and Latin Borrowings

Greek and Latin Borrowings: Quiz 22-1 Quiz 22-2 Quiz 22-3 Quiz 22-4 Quiz 22-5 Review Quizzes 22 ACER/ACR comes from the Latin adjective acer, meaning “sharp” or “sour.” Grapefruit and limes have an acid taste; acid can also describe a person's sense of humor (other words for it might be sharp or biting). The acidity of the soil often indicates whether it's good for growing certain crops; blueberries, for instance, love acid soil, so they're more likely to be found east of the Mississippi River, where acid soil is the rule.
acerbic: 尖刻的
acrid: 辛辣
acrimony: 尖刻的
exacerbate: 加剧
STRICT: 严格的
stricture: 狭窄
restrictive: 限制性的
constrict: 收缩
vasoconstrictor: 血管收缩剂

unit_22 - PROP,PROPRI

PROP/PROPRI: comes from the Latin word proprius, meaning “own.” A proprietor is an owner, and property is what he or she owns. And the original meaning of proper was “belonging to oneself,” so a writer around the year 1400 could say “With his own proper sword he was slain,” even if we might not say it quite the same way today.
proprietary: 所有权
propriety: 礼
appropriate: 合适的
expropriate: 征用

unit_22 - SERV

SERV: means “to be subject to.” A servant is the person who serves you with meals and provides other necessary services. A tennis or volleyball serve puts the ball in play, much as a servant puts food on the table.
serviceable: 可维修的
servile: 奴性的
servitude: 奴役
subservient: 屈从的

unit_22 - STRICT

STRICT: comes from the Latin verb meaning “to draw tight, bind, or tie.” So the English word strict means “tightly controlled.” And when someone begins a sentence “Strictly speaking, . . .” you know he or she is going to be talking about a word or idea in its most limited sense, “drawing tight” the meaning till it's as narrow as possible.
stricture: 狭窄
restrictive: 限制性的
constrict: 收缩
vasoconstrictor: 血管收缩剂

unit_22 - STRU,STRUCT

STRU/STRUCT: comes from the Latin verb struere, meaning “to put together, build, arrange.” A structure is something that's been constructed,—that is, built or put together. Instructions tell how the pieces should be arranged. Something that obstructs is a barrier that's been “built” to stand in your way. And something destructive “unbuilds.”
deconstruction: 解构
infrastructure: 基础设施
construe: 解释
instrumental: 工具性的

unit_22 - TORT

TORT: comes from a form of the Latin verb torquere, meaning “to twist, wind, or wrench.” In torture, parts of the body may be wrenched or twisted or stretched; so those “Indian sunburns” that schoolkids give by twisting in different directions on some unlucky guy's wrist stay pretty close to torture's original meaning.
tort: 侵权行为
extort: 勒索
contort: 扭曲
tortuous: 曲折

unit_22 - VIV

VIV: comes from vivere, the Latin verb meaning “to live or be alive.” A survivor has lived through something terrible. A revival brings something back to life, whether it's an old film, interest in a long- dead novelist, or religious enthusiasm in a group, maybe in a huge tent in the countryside.
vivacious: 活泼
bon vivant: 美好生活
revivify: 复兴
vivisection: 活体解剖

unit_23 - AUT,AUTO

AUT/AUTO: comes from the Greek word for “same” or “self.” Something automatic operates by itself, and an automobile moves by itself, without the help of a horse. An autograph is in the handwriting of the person him- or herself, and an autopsy is an inspection of a corpse by an examiner's own eyes.
automaton: 自动机
autoimmune: 自身免疫性
autonomy: 自治
autism: 自闭症

unit_23 - CLAM,CLAIM

CLAM/CLAIM: comes from the Latin verb clamare, meaning “to shout or cry out.” To claim often means “to call for.” And an exclamation is a cry of shock, joy, or surprise.
clamor: 叫嚣
acclamation: 鼓掌
declaim: 朗诵
proclaim: 宣布

unit_23 - CRAC,CRAT

CRAC/CRAT: comes from the Greek word meaning “power.” Attached to another root, it indicates which group holds the power. With demos, the Greek word for “people,” it forms democracy, a form of government in which the people rule. A theocracy, from the Greek theos, “god,” is government based on divine guidance. In a meritocracy, people earn power by their own merit.
aristocrat: 贵族
autocratic: 专制
bureaucrat: 官僚
plutocracy: 富豪

unit_23 - GRAT

GRAT: comes from the Latin words gratus, meaning “pleasing, welcome, or agreeable,” and gratia, meaning “grace, agreeableness, or pleasantness.” A meal that's served graciously will be received with gratitude by grateful guests; those who show no appreciation could be called ingrates.
gratify: 满足
gratuity: 小费
gratuitous: 无偿的
ingratiate: 迎合

unit_23 - Greek and Latin Borrowings

Greek and Latin Borrowings: Quiz 23-1 Quiz 23-2 Quiz 23-3 Quiz 23-4 Quiz 23-5 Review Quizzes 23 TEXT comes from a Latin verb that means “to weave.” So a textile is a woven or knitted cloth. The material it's made from determines its texture, the smoothness or roughness of its surface. And individual words are “woven” into sentences and paragraphs to form a text.
textual: 文本的
context: 语境
hypertext: 超文本
subtext: 潜台词
PLAC: PLAC
placate: 安抚
placebo: 安慰剂
placidity: 平静
implacable: 不屈不挠的

unit_23 - PLAC

PLAC: comes from the Latin placere, “to please or be agreeable to,” or placare, “to soothe or calm.” Pleasant, pleasurable, and pleasing all derive from this root, even though their spelling makes it hard to see.
placate: 安抚
placebo: 安慰剂
placidity: 平静
implacable: 不屈不挠的

unit_23 - POT

POT: comes from the Latin adjective potens, meaning “able.” Our English word potent means “powerful” or “effective,” whether for good or bad. A potent new antibiotic might be able to deal with infections that have developed resistance to older drugs; an industrial gas might be identified as a potent contributor to climate change; and a potent drink might leave you staggering.
potential: 潜在的
impotent: 无能为力
plenipotentiary: 全权代表
potentate: 统治者

unit_23 - PUNC

PUNC: comes from the Latin noun punctum, meaning “point.” A period is a form of punctuation that's literally a point, and a punctured tire has been pricked by a sharp point.
punctilious: 一丝不苟的
punctual: 准时
compunction: 悔恨
acupuncture: 针刺

unit_23 - TEXT

TEXT: comes from a Latin verb that means “to weave.” So a textile is a woven or knitted cloth. The material it's made from determines its texture, the smoothness or roughness of its surface. And individual words are “woven” into sentences and paragraphs to form a text.
textual: 文本的
context: 语境
hypertext: 超文本
subtext: 潜台词

unit_24 - CRE,CRET

CRE/CRET: comes from the Latin verb crescere, which means both “to come into being” and “to grow.” So a crescendo in music occurs when the music is growing louder, and a decrescendo when it's growing softer.
crescent: 新月
accretion: 吸积
excrescence: 赘生物
increment: 增量

unit_24 - FUS

FUS: comes from the Latin verb fundere, “to pour out” or “to melt.” A fuse depends on melting metal to break an overloaded circuit. Nuclear fusion involves the “melting” together of light nuclei to form heavier nuclei, and fusion cuisine brings together the cooking of two or more cultures.
transfusion: 输血
effusive: 热情洋溢的
profusion: 丰富
suffuse: 弥漫

unit_24 - Greek and Latin Borrowings

apologi： A defense, especially of one's own ideas, opinions, or actions.
atrium: 中庭
oligarchy: 寡头政治
encomium: 赞美
neurosis: 神经症
opprobrium: 责难
referendum: 公投
ultimatum: 最后通牒

unit_24 - LOQU

LOQU: comes from the Latin verb loqui, “to talk.” An eloquent preacher speaks fluently, forcefully, and expressively. And a dummy's words come out of a ventriloquist's mouth—or perhaps out of his belly (in Latin, venter).
colloquium: 座谈会
soliloquy: 独白
colloquial: 口语化的
loquacious: 贫嘴

unit_24 - MAND

MAND: comes from mandare, Latin for “entrust” or “order.” A command is an order; a commandment is also an order, but usually one that comes from God. And a commando unit carries out orders for special military actions.
mandate: 授权
mandatory: 强制的
commandeer: 征用
remand: 归还

unit_24 - SANCT

SANCT: , meaning “holy,” comes from the Latin word sanctus. Thus, sanctity means “holiness.” In ancient Greece, a spot could be sanctified, or “made holy,” by a group of priests who carried out a solemn ritual; these might be spots where fumes arose from a crack in the earth or where a spring of clear water flowed out of the ground, and a temple might be built there for worship of a god.
sanction: 制裁
sanctimonious: 道貌岸然的
sacrosanct: 神圣不可侵犯的
sanctuary: 避难所

unit_24 - UND

UND: comes into English from the Latin words unda, “wave,” and undare, “to rise in waves,” “to surge or flood.” Undulations are waves or wavelike things or motions, and to undulate is to rise and fall in a wavelike way.
undulant: 起伏的
inundate: 淹没
redound: 回报
redundancy: 冗余

unit_24 - VAL

VAL: has as its basic meaning “strength,” from the Latin verb valere, meaning “to be worthy, healthy, or strong” and “to have power or influence.” So evaluating a house involves determining how healthy it is. A valid license or credit card is one that's still in effect, and a valid proof is one that provides strong evidence.
valor: 勇气
equivalent: 相等的
prevalent: 流行
validate: 证实

unit_24 - VIR

VIR: is Latin for “man.” A virtue is a good quality—originally, the kind of quality an ideal man possessed. And virtuous behavior is morally excellent. All in all, the Romans seem to have believed that being a man was a good thing.
virility: 男子气概
triumvirate: 三巨头
virago: 泼妇
virtuosity: 精湛技艺

unit_25 - FALL

FALL: comes from the Latin verb fallere, “to deceive.” It's actually at the root of the word false, which we rarely use today to mean “deceptive,” though that meaning does show up in older phrases: “Thou shalt not bear false witness against thy neighbor,” for instance, or “A false-hearted lover will send you to your grave.” Fallere is even at the root of fail and fault, though you might not guess it to look at them.
fallacy: 谬论
fallacious: 谬误的
fallibility: 易犯错误
infallible: 无误的

unit_25 - Greek and Latin Borrowings

aegis:
charisma:
ego:
ethos:
hubris:
id:

unit_25 - HYDR

HYDR: flows from the Greek word for “water.” The “water” root can be found in the lovely flower called the hydrangea: its seed capsules resemble ancient Greek water vessels.
hydraulic: 液压
dehydrate: 脱水
hydroelectric: 水力发电
hydroponics: 水培法

unit_25 - ONYM

ONYM: comes from the Greek onyma, meaning “name, word.” An anonymous donor or writer is one who isn't named. A synonym is a word with the same meaning as another word (see SYN ). And homonyms (see HOM/HOMO ) are words that look and sound alike but aren't actually related, such as well (“healthy”) and well (“a deep hole with water in it”).
antonym: 反义词
eponymous: 同名的
patronymic: 父名的
pseudonym: 笔名

unit_25 - SCEND

SCEND: comes from the Latin verb scandere, “to climb.” The staircase we ascend to our bedroom at night we will descend the next morning, since what goes up must come down.
transcend: 超越
condescend: 居高临下
descendant: 后裔
ascendancy: 优势

unit_25 - SCRIB,SCRIP

SCRIB/SCRIP: comes from the Latin verb scribere, “to write.” Scribble is an old word meaning to write or draw carelessly. A written work that hasn't been published is a manuscript. And to describe is to picture something in words.
conscription: 征兵
circumscribe: 限制
inscription: 题词
proscribe: 禁止

unit_25 - SIMIL,SIMUL

SIMIL/SIMUL: come from the Latin adjective similis, meaning “like, resembling, similar,” and the verb simulare, “to make like.” Two similar things resemble each other. Two simultaneous activities proceed at the same time. And a facsimile, such as you might receive from your fax machine, looks exactly the same as the original.
simile: 明喻
assimilate: 吸收
simulacrum: 拟像
simulate: 模拟

unit_25 - SOLU

SOLU: comes from the Latin verb solvere, “to loosen, free, release,” and the root therefore may take the form solv- as well. So to solve a problem means to find its solution, as if you were freeing up a logjam. And a solvent is a chemical that dissolves or “loosens up” oil or paint.
soluble: 可溶的
absolution: 赦免
dissolution: 解散
resolute: 坚决

unit_25 - VERB

VERB: comes from the Latin verbum, meaning “word.” A verb—or action word—appears in some form in every complete sentence. To express something verbally—or to verbalize something—is to say it or write it.
verbose: 冗长的
proverb: 谚语
verbatim: 逐字
verbiage: 废话

unit_26 - HEM,HEMO

HEM/HEMO: comes from the Greek word for “blood” and is found at the beginning of many medical terms. By dropping the h-, the same word produced the suffix -emia, which likewise shows up in lots of “blood” words, including anemia, leukemia and hyperglycemia.
hemorrhage: 出血
hematology: 血液学
hemophilia: 血友病
hemoglobin: 血红蛋白

unit_26 - ITIS

ITIS: Medical Words Quiz 26-1 Quiz 26-2 Quiz 26-3 Quiz 26-4 Quiz 26-5 Review Quizzes 26 MUR , from the Latin noun murus, meaning “wall,” has produced a modest number of English words.
muralist: 壁画家
intramural: 壁内
extramural: 校外的
immure: 不纯洁的
POLIS/POLIT: 城邦/政治
politic: 政治的
politicize: 政治化
acropolis: 卫城
megalopolis: 大都市

unit_26 - KILO

KILO: is the French version of the Greek word chilioi, meaning “thousand.” France is also where the metric system originated, in the years following the French Revolution. So in English, kilo- shows up chiefly in metric-system units. Before the computer age, the most familiar kilo- words for English-speakers were probably kilowatt, meaning “1,000 watts,” and kilowatt-hour, meaning the amount of energy equal to one kilowatt over the course of an hour.
kilobyte: 千字节
kilometer: 公里
kilohertz: 千赫
kilogram: 公斤

unit_26 - MICRO

MICRO: , from the Greek mikros, meaning “small,” is a popular English prefix. A microscope lets the eye see microscopic objects, and libraries store the pages of old newspapers on microfilm at 1/400th of their original size. And we continue to attach micro- to lots of familiar words; most of us could figure out the meaning of microbus and microquake without ever having heard them before. Scientists often use micro- to mean “millionth”; thus, a microsecond is a millionth of a second, and a micrometer is a millionth of a meter.
microbe: 微生物
microbiologist: 微生物学家
microbrew: 微酿啤酒
microclimate: 小气候

unit_26 - MULTI

MULTI: comes from the Latin word multus, meaning “many.” Thus, a multicultural society is one that includes people of several different countries, languages, and religions; a multimedia artwork uses two or more artistic media (dance, music, film, spoken text, etc.); and a multitude of complaints reaching your office would be a great many indeed.
multicellular: 多细胞的
multidisciplinary: 多学科
multifarious: 五花八门
multilateral: 多边

unit_26 - MUR

MUR: , from the Latin noun murus, meaning “wall,” has produced a modest number of English words.
muralist: 壁画家
intramural: 壁内
extramural: 校外的
immure: 不纯洁的

unit_26 - NUMER

NUMER: comes from the Latin words meaning “number” and “to count.” A numeral is the symbol that represents a number. Numerous means “many,” and innumerable means “countless.” Numerical superiority is superiority in numbers, and your numerical standing in a class is a ranking expressed as a number.
numerology: 命理学
alphanumeric: 字母数字
enumerate: 枚举
supernumerary: 多余的

unit_26 - PAR

PAR: , from the Latin, means “equal.” Our English word par means an amount taken as an average or a standard, and especially the standard score for each hole on a golf course—which is why the phrase “par for the course” means “about as well as expected.” We compare things to see if they're equal; similar things can be called comparable—that is, “equal with.” And “on a par with” means “comparable to.”
parity: 平价
disparity: 差距
nonpareil: 无比
subpar: 欠佳

unit_26 - PHOB

PHOB: comes from the Greek noun phobos, “fear,” and it shows up clearly in our noun phobia, meaning “unusual fear of a specific thing.” Phobias vary greatly in seriousness and also in frequency. Most of us have experienced claustrophobia at some time, but few truly suffer from fear of the number 13, a condition known as triskaidekaphobia.
acrophobic: 恐高症的
agoraphobia: 广场恐惧症
xenophobe: 排外者
arachnophobia: 蜘蛛恐惧症

unit_26 - POLIS,POLIT

POLIS/POLIT: comes from the Greek word for “city.” The ancient Greek city-states, such as Athens, Thebes, and Sparta, operated much like separate nations, so all their politics was local, like all their public policy—and even all their police!
politic: 政治的
politicize: 政治化
acropolis: 卫城
megalopolis: 大都市

unit_27 - ARM

ARM: comes from the Latin arma, meaning “weapons, tools.” The root is seen in such English words as arms (i.e., weapons), armed, and army. It has nothing to do with the limb that starts at your shoulder; the name for that kind of arm comes from the Latin word meaning “shoulder.”
armada: 舰队
armistice: 停战
armory: 军械库
disarming: 解除武装

unit_27 - DE

DE: in Latin means “down, away.” So a descent is a downward slope or climb, and a decline is a downward slide (of health, income, etc.). To devalue something is to take value away from it. And you might describe a depressed friend as “down.”
debase: 贬低
defamation: 诽谤
degenerative: 退化的
dejection: 沮丧

unit_27 - IATR

IATR: from the Greek iatros, “healer, physician,” usually hides in the middle of words, where it isn't immediately noticed. A pediatrician treats children (see PED-). A psychiatrist is a physician who treats mental problems. (A psychologist, by contrast, doesn't have a medical degree and thus can't prescribe drugs.) And a physiatrist is a doctor who practices “physical medicine and rehabilitation,” which may involve such things as testing various physical abilities, relieving pain through electric heat or massage, or training patients to exercise or to use an artificial limb.
iatrogenic
bariatric
geriatric
podiatrist

unit_27 - LATER

LATER: comes from the Latin adjective lateralis, meaning “side.” The noun for “side” in Latin was latus, and the same word served as an adjective meaning “wide.” The relationship between the two isn't hard to spot, since something wide extends far out to its sides. So lines of latitude extend east-west around the earth, in the dimension we tend to think of as its width (unlike lines of longitude, which extend north-south, in the dimension that, for some reason, we decided to think of as its “length”).
lateral: 侧
bilateral: 双边
collateral: 抵押品
equilateral: 等边的

unit_27 - NANO

NANO: comes from the Greek nanos, meaning “dwarf.” For a prefix meaning “small,” English got by for centuries with the Greek micro-, and later mini- came to be used widely as well. But only recently, as a result of advances in scientific knowledge and technology, has there been a need for a prefix meaning “extremely small”—a need that's been filled by nano-, which today is being attached to all kinds of words, sometimes not very seriously (nanoskirt, nano-brained, etc.).
nanotechnology: 纳米技术
nanosecond: 纳秒
nanostructure: 纳米结构
nanoparticle: 纳米颗粒

unit_27 - NUL,NULL

NUL/NULL: comes from the Latin word nullus, “none,” which is itself a combination of ne- (“not”) and ullus (“any”). Have you ever noticed how many of our negative words start with n-? Think of no, not, never, nothing, none, no one, nowhere, and the hundreds of non- words—just about all of which go back to the same Greek root.
null: 无效的
nullity: 无效性
nullify: 无效化
annulment: 废除

unit_27 - STRAT

STRAT: comes from the Latin word stratum, meaning “spread” or “bed.” Strata, a form of the same word, came to be used by the Romans to mean “paved road”—that is, street.
stratum: 地层
stratification: 分层
substrate: 基材
stratocumulus: 层积云

unit_27 - SUPER

SUPER: , a Latin prefix meaning “over, higher, more than,” has become one of the most familiar prefixes in English, one of those prefixes that we use to create new words all the time: supermodel, superpowerful, superjock, supersize, supersweet—the list goes on and on. This all seems to have started in 1903 when the playwright G. B. Shaw translated the German word Übermensch, Nietzsche's famous term for the person who rises to heroic heights through discipline and creative power, in the title of his play Man and Superman. The comic-book character with the same name wouldn't make his appearance for another 30 years.
superfluous: 多余
insuperable: 不可逾越
supersede: 取代
superlative: 最高级的

unit_27 - SURG

SURG: comes from the Latin verb surgere, meaning “to rise, spring up.” Our noun surge means “a sudden, large increase,” and the verb surge means “to move with a surge.” A storm surge occurs when violent storm winds at sea cause the water to pile up higher than normal sea level. A surge protector keeps a spike in electrical current from “frying” your computer when a lightning strike sends a sudden surge down the wires.
upsurge: 高涨
insurgency: 叛乱
counterinsurgent: 反叛乱分子
resurgent: 复兴的

unit_27 - TOM

TOM: comes from the Greek root meaning “cut.” Thus, the Latin word anatomia, from which we get anatomy, means “dissection”— that is cutting or separating the parts of an organism for detailed examination. In a lobotomy, the nerves linking a brain lobe to the rest of the brain are removed; even though lobotomies have hardly been performed in the last 50 years, the idea can still fill us with horror.
appendectomy: 阑尾切除术
gastrectomy: 胃切除术
tonsillectomy: 扁桃体切除术
mastectomy: 乳房切除术

unit_28 - DERM

DERM: comes from the Greek derma, meaning “skin.” For medical advice on a skin problem such as acne, we may go to a dermatologist, or skin specialist. When we get a shot, it's usually with a hypodermic, a needle that goes “under the skin” (see HYP/HYPO ). A pachyderm is a “thick-skinned” animal, which most of us just call an elephant.
dermal: 真皮的
epidermis: 表皮
taxidermist: 动物标本剥制师
dermatitis: 皮炎

unit_28 - ENDO

ENDO: Quiz 28-1 Quiz 28-2 Quiz 28-3 Quiz 28-4 Quiz 28-5 Review Quizzes 28 MEDI comes from the Latin medius, meaning “middle.” Our word medium refers to something in a middle position. The medieval period of European history, also known as the Middle Ages, is the period between Greek and Roman antiquity and the “modern age.” But why people around 1620 began to use the term “Middle Ages,” because they regarded themselves as modern, is an interesting question.
median: 中位数
mediate: 调解
intermediary: 中介
mediocrity: 平庸
OID: 奥德
rhomboid: 菱形
deltoid: 三角肌
dendroid: 树状体
humanoid: 人形生物

unit_28 - MEDI

MEDI: comes from the Latin medius, meaning “middle.” Our word medium refers to something in a middle position. The medieval period of European history, also known as the Middle Ages, is the period between Greek and Roman antiquity and the “modern age.” But why people around 1620 began to use the term “Middle Ages,” because they regarded themselves as modern, is an interesting question.
median: 中位数
mediate: 调解
intermediary: 中介
mediocrity: 平庸

unit_28 - OID

OID: comes from the Greek word for “appearance” or “form.” Since aster in ancient Greek meant “star,” the small bodies orbiting between Mars and Jupiter that looked like stars through primitive telescopes were called asteroids. A factoid is a little bit of information that looks like a fact, whether it is or not. And some people these days will attach -oid to just about anything; you can probably figure out the meaning of nutsoid, nerdoid, and freakazoid without much help.
rhomboid: 菱形
deltoid: 三角肌
dendroid: 树状体
humanoid: 人形生物

unit_28 - PRO

PRO: , in its other broad meaning, means “before, in front of.” So, for example, to proceed means “to move out in front”; to progress means to “to move forward”; and somebody prominent stands out, as if he or she were actually standing out in front of the crowd.
protrude: 突出
prophylaxis: 预防
promulgate: 颁布
prologue: 序幕

unit_28 - RE-

RE-: , in its other main sense, means “back” or backward.” Since doing something again means going back to it, the two senses are actually related; still, the meaning of re- in most words is pretty clearly one or the other. So a rebound comes back at you; to recall means to “call back” a memory; and to react is to “act back” at someone else's action.
reciprocal: 互惠的
rebut: 驳斥
revoke: 撤销
regress: 回归

unit_28 - RE

RE: is a prefix which, like pro- (see PRO ), has more than one meaning. In this section, we'll focus on the meaning “again.” We use re- words with this meaning every day—redo, reheat, recheck, reread, resell, repaint, etc.—and we feel free to make up new ones as needed. But in plenty of other re- words, the meaning isn't so obvious.
remorse: 悔恨
reiterate: 重申
rejuvenate: 恢复活力
reconcile: 调和

unit_28 - SCOP

SCOP: , which usually appears in a suffix, comes from the Greek skopein, meaning “to look at.” In English we have the simple noun scope, along with some other words it sometimes stands for: telescope, microscope, periscope, and so on. And have you ever used a stereoscope, a device your great-grandparents probably enjoyed, which lets you look through a viewer at two slightly different photographs of the same thing, one with each eye, to enjoy the illusion that you're seeing it in three dimensions?
endoscope: 内窥镜
arthroscopic: 关节镜
laparoscopy: 腹腔镜检查
oscilloscope: 示波器

unit_28 - TRANS

TRANS: comes from Latin to indicate movement “through, across, or beyond” something. Translation carries a writer's meaning from one language to another. A television signal is sent or transmitted through the air (or a cable) to your set. When making your way through a city on public transportation, you may have to transfer from one bus or subway to another.
transient: 瞬态
transfiguration: 变形
transponder: 应答器
transcendent: 超越的

unit_29 - CIRCU,CIRCUM

CIRCU/CIRCUM: comes from the Latin circus, meaning “circle.” So a circus is traditionally held under a round tent. A circuit can be a tour around an area or territory, or the complete path of an electric current. To circumnavigate means “to navigate around”—often around the world.
circuitous: 迂回的
circumference: 圆周
circumspect: 谨慎
circumvent: 规避

unit_29 - CO

CO: is a Latin prefix that generally means “with, together,” and we see it daily in such words as costar, cofounder, co-owner, and coworker. But many other co- words aren't quite so easy to understand when you first encounter them.
coalesce: 合并
cogeneration: 热电联产
codependency: 相互依赖
cohesion: 凝聚

unit_29 - INTER

INTER: comes straight from Latin. In English it has various meanings; all of them can be expressed broadly as “between,” but they're still quite distinct: “moving between” (intercity), “communicating between” (intercom), “coming between” (intercept), and so on. No wonder so many English words begin with inter-.
intercede: 说情
interstice: 空隙
interdict: 禁令
interpolate: 插

unit_29 - MINI,MINU

MINI/MINU: come from Latin words meaning “small” and “least.” So the minimum is the least, and a minute amount is almost nothing. And mini- is all too familiar as a prefix that we've been applying to all kinds of things since the 1950s: minivan, miniskirt, mini-mart, minipark, and the rest.
minimalism: 极简主义
minuscule: 微小的
minutiae: 细节
diminutive: 小型的

unit_29 - NECRO

NECRO: comes from the Greek nekros, meaning “dead body,” so it's not surprising that it shows up in some unappetizing places. A necrophagous insect, for instance, is one that feeds on dead bodies; when homicide investigators discover a corpse, they may use the insect evidence to figure out when the person died.
necrosis: 坏死
necromancer: 死灵法师
necropolis: 大墓地
necropsy: 尸检

unit_29 - PALEO

PALEO: comes from the Greek palaios, meaning “ancient”—that is, “older than old.” The prefix sometimes gets attached to very recognizable words; paleobiology, for instance, deals with the biology of fossil organisms, paleogeography is the study of geography in earlier geological eras, and paleoecology is the study of the relationship of plants and animals to their environment in those eras.
Paleolithic: 旧石器时代
paleography: 古文字学
paleontology: 古生物学
Paleozoic: 古生代

unit_29 - SUR

SUR: is actually a shortening of the Latin prefix super-, meaning “over, above” (see SUPER ), and has the same meaning. A surface is the face above or on the outside of something. A surplus is something above and beyond what is needed. And to survey a landscape is to look out over it.
surmount: 超越
surcharge: 附加费
surfeit: 过量
surreal: 超现实的

unit_29 - SYN

SYN: is a Greek and Latin prefix meaning “together” or “at the same time.” So “in sync” (short for “in synchronization”) means “together in time.” And a synonym is a word that can be considered together with another word since it has the same meaning.
syntax: 句法
synthesize: 合成
synergy: 协同作用
syndrome: 综合症

unit_29 - Words from Mythology and History

Adonis
amazon
chimera
cornucopia
Elysium
epicure
exodus
gorgon

unit_30 - AER,AERO

AER/AERO: comes from the Greek word for “air.” The aerospace industry manufactures vehicles that travel through the atmosphere and beyond into space. Aerodynamic designs move through the air with maximum speed. And aerophobia is the technical name for what we usually just call fear of flying.
aerial: 天线
aerate: 通气
aerobic: 有氧运动
anaerobic: 厌氧的

unit_30 - CAD

CAD: comes from the Latin verb cadere, “to fall.” Thus, a cascade is usually a waterfall, but sometimes a flood of something else that seems to pour on top of you: a cascade of new problems, a cascade of honors, and so on.
cadaver: 尸体
decadent: 颓废
cadence: 节奏
cadenza: 华彩乐段

unit_30 - IDIO

IDIO: comes from the Greek idios, meaning “one's own” or “private.” In Latin this root led to the word idiota, meaning “ignorant person”— that is, a person who doesn't take in knowledge from outside himself. And that led to a familiar English word that gets used too often, usually to describe people who aren't ignorant at all.
idiom: 成语
idiomatic: 惯用语
idiosyncrasy: 特质
idiopathic: 特发性的

unit_30 - LONG

LONG: comes from Latin longus, which, as you might guess, means “long.” The English word long shows up in many compound terms such as long-suffering (“patiently enduring lasting offense or hardship”) and long-winded (“boringly long in speaking or writing”), but the long- root also sometimes shows up less obviously. To prolong something is to lengthen it, for example, and a chaise longue (not lounge!) is “a long reclining chair.”
longitude: 经度
elongate: 拉长
longueur: 朗格厄尔
oblong: 长方形

unit_30 - TECHNI,TECHNO

TECHNI/TECHNO: comes from the Greek techne, meaning “art, craft, skill,” and shows up in dozens of English words. Some, such as technical, technology, and technique, have long been familiar. Others, such as techno-thriller, were only coined in the current computer age, which has also seen the new cut-down terms techno (for techno-pop, the electronic dance music) and tech (for technician or technology).
technocrat: 技术官僚
technophobe: 技术恐惧者
technophile: 技术爱好者
pyrotechnic: 烟火式的

unit_30 - TEN,TENU

TEN/TENU: comes from the Latin tenuis, meaning “thin.” So to extend something is to stretch it, and lots of things get thin when they're stretched. The ten- root is even seen in pretend, which once meant to stretch something out above or in front; that something came to be a claim that you were something that you actually weren't.
tenuous: 脆弱的
attenuated: 减弱的
extenuating: 情有可原的
distended: 膨胀的

unit_30 - TOXI

TOXI: comes from the Greek and Latin words for “poison,” something the Greeks and Romans knew a good deal about. Socrates died by taking a solution of poison hemlock, a flowering plant much like wild carrot that now also grows in the U.S. Rome's enemy Mithridates, king of Pontus, was obsessed with poisons, experimented with them on prisoners, and tried to make himself immune to them by eating tiny amounts of them daily. Nero's mother Agrippina poisoned several of her son's rivals to power—and probably did the same to her own husband, the emperor Claudius.
toxin: 毒素
toxicity: 毒性
toxicology: 毒理学
neurotoxin: 神经毒素

unit_30 - TRIB

TRIB: comes from the Latin tribuere, meaning “to give” or “to pay.” So a group that distributes food passes it out to those in need, and when you contribute to the group you give your money or energy to it.
tribute: 贡
tributary: 支流
attribute: 属性
retribution: 报应

unit_30 - Words from Mythology and History

halcyon
meander
oedipal
ostracize
paean
philippic
satyr
zealot

unit_30 - TEN/TENU:

TEN/TENU: comes from the Latin tenuis, meaning “thin.” So to extend something is to stretch it, and lots of things get thin when they're stretched. The ten- root is even seen in pretend, which once meant to stretch something out above or in front; that something came to be a claim that you were something that you actually weren't.
tenuous: 脆弱的
attenuated: 减弱的
extenuating: 情有可原的
distended: 膨胀的

Summary

To extract the highlights from the book, I first asked an LLM directly, but it only provided a few roots with limited examples. I then converted the book to PDF and uploaded it to an LLM agent, which offered more detail but still missed a significant amount of content. After that, I wrote a Python script to extract each unit and root with the relevant text. This turned out to be challenging due to formatting issues that made it difficult for the script to understand a meaningful structure.

Restart Personal Blog by Using Hugo

Sun, 14 Dec 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Previously, I used Ablog to set up my personal blog and maintained the content using Sphinx syntax. That effort ended around 2021—not something I’m proud of. Recently, I’ve decided to restart blogging to capture my learnings, insights, and reflections. However, I’m hesitant to continue with the old system because Ablog is no longer actively maintained, and Sphinx is less popular compared to Markdown. I don’t want to invest time in learning two syntax systems.

Using Hugo page bundles

Thu, 24 Mar 2022 00:00:00 +0000

Page bundles are an optional way to organize page resources within Hugo. You can opt-in to using page bundles in Hugo Clarity with `usePageBundles` in your site configuration --- or in a page's front matter.

Using OpenStreetMap

Mon, 14 Feb 2022 00:00:00 +0000

Using Notices

Fri, 20 Aug 2021 00:00:00 +0000

The "Notices" shortcode enables you to call out pieces of information - sidebars, warnings, tips, etc.

To create a notice on a page, you can use the notice shortcode.
You use the notice shortcode, with the first parameter being one of note, info, tip, and warning. Then add a title for your note in quotes as the second parameter. The inner body of the note can be whatever markdown you want to create.

Measure Anything

Fri, 01 Jan 2021 00:00:00 +0000

Published: Jan 01, 2021 Tags: booknotes, process Category: Management

If you don't measure it, you can't manage it; If you don't measure it, you can't improve it; If you don't measure it, you probably don't care; If you can't influence it, then don't measure it.

Randy A. Steinberg

Why Measure Anything

There is important logic, see below:

If it matters at all, it is detectable/observable
If it is detectable, it can be detected as an amount (or range of possible amounts)
If it can be detected as a range of possible amounts, it can be measured

4 useful measurement assumptions:

Data Science Basic

Sun, 02 Aug 2020 00:00:00 +0000

Published: Aug 02, 2020 Tags: data Category: Engineering

Data science involves principles, processes, and techniques for understanding phenomena via the (automated) analysis of data. This article talks about the basic part of data science.

Data Driven Decision (DDD)

Data-driven decision-making (DDD) refers to the practice of basing decisions on the analysis of data, rather than purely on intuition. DDD is not an all-or-nothing practice, and different firms engage in DDD to greater or lesser degrees.

Enlightenment from Singing

Sat, 01 Aug 2020 00:00:00 +0000

Published: Aug 01, 2020 Tags: chinese Category: Life

Recently, I have been using app "QuanMinKGe" to sing for fun quite a lot. I got some enlightenment from playing this app, and write it down as this blog.

全民k歌

刚接触全民k歌应该是在16年底，那个时候的宗旨就是两个字：白玩。坚决不给平台充钱。自己录歌玩，和几个有限好友之间互动一下，然后领一些免费花花送人玩。然后用的版本是个几年前非常老的版本，从来没有升级。

其实当然知道自己不充钱，就是知道是靠着别的玩家砸钱支持平台，我来蹭。有些朋友喜欢充钱玩币的，我也是解释一番，坚持不充钱。

升级后发现

自从19年底换了新的手机以后(iPhone 11)，全民k歌装了个新版本，然后突然一下感觉打开了一个新的天地。

主要是发现原来之前朋友送我的币，都会部分返还给我。然后系统还送了我若干花花绿绿的免费礼物。这种感觉就像是一下子暴发户一下子突然有钱了一样。

这个时候才真正领会到之前有些朋友对我的建议。然后娱乐性也感觉一下子提高了好多，去歌房里频繁了，慢慢得了些门道，认识了一些新的朋友。等上边礼物送完了以后，也终于没忍住冲了第一次人民币。

小感悟

这几个月玩得比较疯，也有了一些自己的新感悟。在此总结下：

免费玩法省钱，但会影响体验，因为在心态上没发完全放下。不停得和玩币的朋友解释，而且很多规则都不懂，在全民k歌的世界中会有一种低人一等的感觉。自己投入时间，却不是理想的体验
软件版本的更新很重要，始终要老版本的app，除非甘于一个人默默唱歌，做个世外高人，否则别人的各种新功能可能都不知道怎么回事
歌房非常适合与人交流，虽说不能直接提高歌唱水平，不过可以知道新歌动态之类的，可以知道很多好听的歌，新的伴奏，尝试很多新的唱法，
但是也会耽误学新歌，因为在歌房唱歌和别人互动很容易上瘾，没有时间好好学习新歌
手中有些k币礼物，确实会帮助到社交，全民设计这套系统确实充分考虑到了心理学，社会学各方面，让大家不得不乖乖掏钱。我一直坚持不掏钱坚持了两年，最后还是掏钱，足够说明这套机制的设计有其合理的方面
之前由于圈子的限制，想去歌房，会盼星星盼月亮等一些朋友在歌房唱或者开歌房，然后进去唱，很珍惜这种机会。在一个微信群里也特别希望有些新的消息。等后来圈子大了以后，真的这些都不是个事，只是觉得消息好多，根本看不过来。比如一开始认识个喜欢唱邓丽君的女生，唱得很好，如获至宝，后来很长时间不看到她玩，觉得每天都在等她，很失落。但这个状态在社交圈拓展以后明显滴改进了，不会再那么依赖于一个人

在全民的这些经验是不是可以也能适用在现实生活中呢？

Written by Binwei@Singapore

Mac Tips

Fri, 31 Jul 2020 00:00:00 +0000

Published: Jul 31, 2020 Tags: efficiency Category: Engineering

I got first Macbook 3 years ago, but only use Macbook as production environment 9 months ago. In order to use Macbook in an efficient way, some tips can be important to know.

Short cut keys

Capture window

Command + Shift + 5	Record video for screen
Command + Shift + 4	Capture screen to file
Command + Shift + 4 + space	Capture current screen
Command + Control + Shift + 4	Capture screen to clip-board

Finder

Command + Shift + G	Jump to any folder
Command + up/down	Jump to parent or sub folder
Command + shift + .	Show hidden files

Safari

Command + +	Zoom in
Command + -	Zoom out

Operating System

Fn + Delete	Delete the character after
Command + tab	Switch between applications
Command + ~	Switch between windows in app
Command + h	Hide current window
Command + m	Minimize current window
Command + Option + ^	Sleep
Control + Shift + ^	Turn off screen
Command + W	Close current window
Command + Q	Close current application
Command + Shift + Y	Generate note from selected text
Ctrl + Left or right	Switch screen
Command + Option + D	Show/Hide docker

Useful tips

Switch OS in BootCamp

During start-up, press option key

About Consulting

Fri, 10 Jul 2020 00:00:00 +0000

Published: Jul 10, 2020 Tags: consulting, booknotes Category: Management

This blog contains notes from several books relevant to consulting.

麦肯锡工具

我们可能会变得冲动进行激烈的争辩以使他人接受自己的观点。不过，最好的办法是说出自己的观点，把问题本身和提出问题的人相分离，然后从正反两面对观点展开讨论，重点关注积极的方面

信任，但要确认

5P原则

认真准备（prepare）：观察身边之人的积极行为并了解他们的背景
他人为重（put others first）：这是生活中需要遵循的普遍法则
真诚赞美（praise sincerely）：与他人分享你的发现，但切忌过分与虚伪
勿施压于人（pressure no one）：互动时，避免谈及令人尴尬的话题和靠得太近
提供帮助（provide value）：为了强化你的成果，还要设法长期提供帮助

关于汇报

从项目开始实施的第一天起，就应该开始准备最终汇报

一天绘制一张图表这样的说法，旨在强调用图表形式记录你的观察和想法的重要性。实际上，你每天可能需要绘制很多这样的草图

Team

Talk

沟通不息
用心倾听
人事分离

Evaluate

讨论团队协作状态
确定期望与监控完成情况
明确个人发展目标并相应调整工作计划

Assist

充分利用专场
各司其职
实时反馈

Motivate

确定个性化激励因素
积极正面影响团队成员
庆祝成就

Focus

Frame

明确关键问题
创建议题树
形成基本假设

Organize

创建总体流程图
制定内容计划以检验假设
设计故事线索

Collect

通过“草图”呈现必须数据
进行针对性的访谈
收集第三方数据，资料

Understand

Book note: Xiao Gou Qian Qian

Thu, 09 Jul 2020 00:00:00 +0000

Published: Jul 09, 2020 Tags: booknote Category: Invest

Xiao Gou Qian Qian is the Chinese name of the book: Ein Hund Namens Money

梦想可视化

梦想 1 - 房子

房子小区环境优美，有个宽敞的客厅，温馨的卧室，和放满书的书房。

梦想 2 - 事业

有个豪华的独立办公室，以及很强的影响力。

梦想 3 - 魅力

富有魅力，坚持锻炼。

Intelligent Web Sentences

Sun, 07 Jun 2020 00:00:00 +0000

Published: Jun 07, 2020 Tags: career Category: Life

I read a lot on Zhihu and Quora, and collect the followings intelligent sentences, even though they are not written by famous people. They are full of wisdom, and mixed with Chinese and English.

Career

Choose to learn

There are a lot of things to learn, then what to choose?

E = I x L / T

I = Money, cash, income, potential income
L = Lifespan, duration, how long until obsolescence
T = Time spent learning, learning curve, investment
E = Efficiency, return on investment

Of course, you also need to combine with your own interests and do not let the learning becomes your burden.

Arduino Introduction

Sat, 16 May 2020 00:00:00 +0000

Published: May 16, 2020 Tags: iot, hardware Category: Engineering

Recently, my recent project use Arduino and relevant devices to help to emulate signals from sensors. It helps our development quite a lot especially the 'up-stream' part like data acquisition. The setup looks like following, which just shows very small part of the whole setup and this setup is evolving no matter the hardware and the software. Due to confidential consideration, this article will only stay on high level.

China 70 Anniversary Big Data

Fri, 15 May 2020 00:00:00 +0000

Published: Mar 15, 2020 Tags: chinese Category: History

The series of pictures show the progress of China development within 70 years. It is amazing!

Written by Binwei@Singapore

Azure Design Pattern

Fri, 01 May 2020 00:00:00 +0000

Published: May 01, 2020
Tags: cloud, architecture
Category: Engineering

Just like programming, for many technical challenges for using cloud and Azure there are best practices. We call these best practices as Design Pattern. This blog introduce these design patterns and also discuss relevant tools on Azure.

Introduction

We categorize the design patterns into followings:

Cyber Security for Blockchain

Sun, 09 Jun 2019 00:00:00 +0000

Published: Jun 09, 2019 Tags: blockchain, security Category: Engineering

This year, I worked on a project and the topic for me is cyber security for blockchain in Oil and Gas industry. It was really good experience since I got the chance to think through this topic and deliver research report to client. Both cyber security and blockchain are interesting areas for me, besides the above project I still have a lot of things not mentioned mainly technical things. So I decide to write this blog as supplement to above project.

Azure Data Lake and Warehouse

Tue, 30 Apr 2019 00:00:00 +0000

Published: Apr 30, 2019 Tags: cloud Category: Engineering

Data Lack and Data Warehouse are two concepts causing confusion. This blog introduces these two concepts and provides comparision for other relevant concepts.

In general, there is a good article: https://www.talend.com/resources/data-lake-vs-data-warehouse/

Data Lake

Analyzing Big Data in Azure

Data Lake Store: No limits data Lake
Data Lake Aanlytics: Analytics job service
HDInsight: Managed clusters

Azure Data Lake Store

Hyper-scale repository for your big data analytics.

User Story Applied

Sun, 21 Apr 2019 00:00:00 +0000

Published: Apr 21, 2019 Tags: booknotes, process Category: Engineering

This blog is the book notes for user story applied.

User stories principles

A good story is: Independent, Negotiable, Valuable to users or customers, Estimable, Small, Testable

User stories emphasize verbal rather than written communication
User stories are comprehensible by both stakeholders and the developers
User stories are the right size for planning
User stories work for iterative development
User stories encourage deferring detail until you have the best understanding you are going to have about what you really need.

Emphasize verbal communication

There’s nothing wrong with making a few annotations on a story card based on a discussion. However, the conversation is the key, not the note on the story card.

Application Insight Introduction

Sat, 20 Apr 2019 00:00:00 +0000

Published: Apr 20, 2019 Tags: cloud, telemetry Category: Engineering

This blog introduces what Application Insight can do.

Application Insight Basics

Application Insights is aimed at the development team, to help you understand how your app is performing and how it's being used.

It includes functions:

Detect, triage, and diagnose issues in web apps and services (Detect: Know about any issues before your users, Triage: how many users are affected? How often does this happen? Diagnose: Where is the problem? When does it happen?)
Detect issues through email and webhook alerts
Diagnose exceptions and web app performance issues
Perform root cause analysis with ad-hoc queries and full-text search
Live application monitoring
HTTP request rates, response times, success rates.
Dependency (HTTP & SQL) call rates, response times, success rates.
Exception traces from both server and client.
Page view counts, user and session counts, browser load times, exceptions.
AJAX call rates, response times and success rates.
Server performance counters. (your Windows or Linux server machines, such as CPU, memory, and network usage)
Segmentation by client location, browser version, OS version, server instance, custom dimensions, and more.
Availability tests.
Host diagnostics from Docker or Azure.
Diagnostic trace logs from your app - so that you can correlate trace events with requests.
Custom events and metrics that you write yourself in the client or server code, to track business events such as items sold or games won.
Integrate with DevOps processes using Visual Studio Team Services
Monitor web apps hosted on Azure, other cloud services, or on-premises servers
Get started with Visual Studio or monitor existing apps without re-deploying

Azure Security

Fri, 19 Apr 2019 00:00:00 +0000

Published: April 19, 2019 Tags: security, cloud Category: Engineering

Cyber Security is important aspect to digital transformation. To use Azure well, the understanding of the security building blocks is crucial.

https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/azure/security/azure-security-getting-started

Security Basics

Every company has some level of security requirement that stretches across almost every element of the business. It's important to think of security in layers rather than a single protection element.

Defense in Depth: The best security is based on layers of protection and this is especially true with networking. See following picture.

Markdown Syntax Guide

Mon, 11 Mar 2019 00:00:00 +0000

This article offers a sample of basic Markdown syntax that can be used in Hugo content files, also it shows whether basic HTML elements are decorated with CSS in a Hugo theme.

Rich Content

Sun, 10 Mar 2019 00:00:00 +0000

Hugo ships with several Embedded Shortcodes for rich content, along with a Privacy Config and a set of Simple Shortcodes that enable static and no-JS versions of various social media embeds.

Math Typesetting

Fri, 08 Mar 2019 00:00:00 +0000

Mathematical notation in a Hugo project can be enabled by using third party JavaScript libraries.

Emoji Support

Tue, 05 Mar 2019 00:00:00 +0000

Emoji can be enabled in a Hugo project in a number of ways.

Iot for Smart Cities

Sun, 10 Feb 2019 00:00:00 +0000

Published: Feb 10, 2019 Tags: iot, booknotes, smartcity Category: Engineering

Smart cities: Everyone's connected If everyone, every home, and every business is connected via the IoT, why not take the next step and connect your entire neighborhood, or even the whole city? Connected devices can help reduce congestion on local roadways, alert the fire department in case of emergencies, and even signal the need for road maintenance or additional police patrols. The smart city might mean a smaller government – or a more intrusive one. It all depends.

Agile Selling

Sun, 27 Jan 2019 00:00:00 +0000

Published: Jan 27, 2019 Tags: booknotes, sales Category: Business

There is new challenge to sell since buyers have changed. When they have an issue, they go online to research their problem. Buyers self-educate, leaving the seller totally out of the loop. Without deep buyer understanding, it's increasingly difficult to get business. You're dealing with educated people who want conversations and collaboration, not pitches of any sort.

Reframing Failures

Turn the sales problem into a challenge rather than a personal problem.

Machine Learning Basic

Sun, 13 Jan 2019 00:00:00 +0000

Published: Jan 13, 2019 Tags: ai Category: Engineering

This blog introduces the basic knowledge of machine learning. The details of algorithm and programming will come in later blogs. Machine learning is a technology which can resolve the computational problem without programming specifically.

Process

Machine learning project has its own process, which starts with asking the right questions.

Ask yourself: Do you have the right data to answer the question?
Ask yourself: Do you know how you'll measure success?

The process also includes re-create model regularly, see following picture.

Personal Branding

Tue, 25 Dec 2018 00:00:00 +0000

Published: Dec 25, 2018 Tags: career Category: Management

To be a great technical expert, you do not only do exceptional technical work, and also exceptional job to let people see your skills.

Build your personal brand

Your personal brand is how others perceive you. It means you can ask others, capture their language, use their language in your branding.

First, let's write down what is your personal brand is.

Then, you can do the followings:

职场菜根谭

Sun, 09 Dec 2018 00:00:00 +0000

Published: Dec 09, 2018 Tags: career Category: Management

之前在网络上搜集到了多种关于职场建议的养分，也结合个人的经验教训，提取出些所谓的精华，大言不惭，称之为职场菜根谭。

职场潜规则

入职工资很重要: 这就是企业对于你的价值的一种认可程度，当然对自己的价值也需要有个清晰的认识，做决定时候应综合考虑
人事部不是你的倾谈对象
你的能力并不能确保你的安全: 熟悉企业‘政治’，摸清游戏规则
不要和老板作对: 赢率太小
学会要求加薪：证明价值，不能威胁上司，立场应该为“我很喜欢这个公司还有目前的业务，但是我觉得目前的工资跟我实际做的工作有差距，我希望工资能体现我的价值”
晋升方面不要多出意见：主要做出成绩，让上司看到热情和能力
积极配合新上司

创业

要想创业，首先要对创业有火一样的激情。
良好的用户体验至关重要，很多产品失败的原因就是产品本身过于复杂，用户难以从中获得很好的使用体验。
要掌握一定的技术，你可以不用编写代码，但必须了解产品的生产过程和运作流程。
创业公司的CEO必须是公司的产品经理。
了解公司的轻重缓急，重点发展核心项目。
对产品的用户体验进行跟踪调查，产品和用户体验的提升是个永无止境的过程。
注重产品的出货，只有用户使用了产品并给了回馈后你才能了解产品究竟怎么样。
公司要把提高产品质量放在第一位。
评判产品好坏的唯一标准就是产品用户数量的多少。如果一个公司的产品没有用户，那么就不能称之为真正的公司。
创业公司能否发展顺利首先要看公司产品的销售量。
如果你能实现最初计划实现目标的50%，你就已经很成功了。
大部分人常用的的服务只有5-7种，你要抓住用户的兴趣点，让自己提供的产品服务成为消费者最爱使用的。
让那些最合适的人参与公司的项目，不要考虑距离的远近。
和那些你想和他们在一起的人一块工作，你没必要和你讨厌的人一块工作。
和你信任的人一块工作，因为他们会一直支持你，会像你一样来关心公司的发展。
如果条件允许，尽可能地在家里工作，因为家里环境舒适并且能节约资金。
办公室里的办公桌要这样布置：公司联合创始人坐在办公桌旁能看到对方。如果你讨厌看到对方就说明你正在和错误的人一块工作。
公司内部要有一个像Yammer一样的内部交流平台。
要很快找到自己最擅长什么，并多花点时间在这方面。
保证你周围的人都弥补你某方面的不足，并让他们做他们擅长的事，你不要参与，同时要向他们学习。
和那些能与你持不同意见并敢于与你辩论的人一块工作，这有利于公司的发展。
和那些像你一样对解决某个问题有很大热情的人一块工作，因为你们有一样的动力和远见。
多鼓励周围的人，因为每个人都需要这种鼓励。
要忠诚。
要知道，你永远不会如自己想象的那么完美，要善于聆听别人的观点。
每周至少运动4次，强健的体魄是健全的心智的前提。
在选择投资者前，你必须知道你到底想和谁一块合作共事，而不要依据估值来选择投资者。
在公司创立之初，要尽量少地融资，这样你才能学会如何花好每一分钱。花每一分钱时都将它视为公司的最后一分钱。
你必须知道你究竟想创立一家什么样的公司。
要将自己的商业目标与投资者的利益结合起来。
不要过多地开公司会议，很多时候那都是在浪费时间。
要经常面带微笑，保持愉快的心情。
要尽量多穿自己公司的T恤，对公司的品牌感到自豪。
决不能说谎。
可以犯错，但必须从中吸取教训。
决不放弃。

持续学习

即使在一个组织里一路升入决策层也不是就可以高枕无忧了，如果自己不能不断进取，公司也不能不断进步，市场自然会淘汰你，或者淘汰你的公司。

做任何工作都有危机感的。终身学习，把变化视为唯一的不变

打好基础

学习更多数学知识，比如逻辑学、离散数学、微积分、概率论、统计学、抽象代数、数论、范畴论、偏序理论
整理，备份你的数据
学习更多理论知识，比如形式语言，自动机与可计算性理论，计算复杂性理论，形式化方法，语义学，算法与数据结构
接触艺术和人文，比如工业设计，哲学，摄影，绘画，素描，音乐及音乐理论，电影，文学，社会科学和经济学等
向新的软件学习

提高竞争力

选对行业很重要，随时保持行业的敏感性。
要努力成为有不可替代的人，提升自己的不可替代性。
职场上保持竞争力的人共同点都是愿景清晰。
成功者都是行动派，对事物保持好奇。
社交媒体时代要时刻注意打照自己个人品牌，经营自己的人脉。
更重要的是我们必须把自己活成U盘，即用即插，可以依托但不依附于哪个公司哪个组织，拓展到不开公司却做自己的老板，每份工作都把自己当老板。

培养情商

不要去欺骗别人，因为你能骗到的人，都是相信你的人。

AI for Smart Cities

Fri, 07 Dec 2018 00:00:00 +0000

Published: Dec 07, 2018 Tags: ai, smartcity Category: Engineering

I had the honer to give an 'AI for Smart Cities' presentation in 'Big Data & AI Asia' conference Dec 5. The conference was hold in Suntec and it was a big event around hundreds people participated.

I managed to convey the following messages in my talk:

What is smart city
Why AI is relevant
What DNVGL has done and what we can offer to the market.

This is a picture of my presentation. And in this blog, I will briefly introduce the relevant content.

Node.js Basics

Sat, 11 Aug 2018 00:00:00 +0000

Published: Aug 11, 2018 Tags: web, backend Category: Engineering

Recently, I used Node.js quite a lot to handle personal projects. It is easy to start, and also easy to get wrong. This blog covers the basics part of Node.js development.

Module

Require

Every module in node is singleton.

Use require to use module, the following is the search sequence of require method:

First find js file
Then json file
Then node file

If the module name is index.js, then it is okay just write directory name in the require parameter.

Authentication & Authorization Basic

Wed, 14 Mar 2018 00:00:00 +0000

Published: Mar 14, 2018 Tags: security Category: Engineering

Authentication and Authorization are two relevant but different concepts, which causes confusion sometimes. Both of them are important for SaaS solution. This blog explains the basic of these two concepts.

Single sign on

In classic intranet scenarios, normally windows authentication will be used in intranet scenario. All parties belong to Active Directory which makes things easy.

However, in a micro services scenario the authentication becomes a challenge.

Microservices Introduction

Wed, 07 Mar 2018 00:00:00 +0000

Published: Mar 07, 2018 Tags: architecture, cloud Category: Engineering

Microservice is a software architecture style, in which complex applications are composed of small, autonomous process communicating with each other using language-agnostic API, which is a very common cloud pattern.

Microservices Design Principles

High cohesion

High cohesion means single focus and single responsibility. It follows SOLID principle, which means service only change for one reason.

Autonomous

Loose coupling
Honor contracts and interfaces
Stateless
Independently changeable
Independently deployable
Backwards compatible
Concurrent development

Approach:

Blockchain Scenario

Mon, 26 Feb 2018 00:00:00 +0000

Published: Feb 26, 2018 Tags: blockchain, security Category: Engineering

This blog explain the potential scenarios of blockchain usage. The content comes from good articles on web.

分布式数字货币系统

现实生活中常用的纸币具备良好的可转移性，可以相对容易地完成价值的交割。但是对于数字货币来说，数字化内容容易被复制，数字货币的持有人可以将同一份货币发给多个接受者，这种攻击称为“双重支付攻击”。

中心化控制下，数字货币的实现相对容易。但是，很多时候很难找到一个安全可靠的第三方机构来充当这个中心管控的角色。

有一些问题是中心化数字货币难以解决的：

发生贸易的两国可能缺乏足够的外汇储备用以支付
汇率的变化导致双方对合同有不同意见
网络上的匿名双方进行直接买卖而不通过电子商务平台
交易的两个机构彼此互不信任，找不到双方都认可的第三方担保
使用第三方担保系统，但某些时候可能无法连接
第三方的系统可能会出现故障或受到篡改攻击

去中心化（de-centralized）或多中心化(multi-centralized)的数字货币系统可以有效解决以上问题。

然而在“去中心化”的场景下，实现数字货币存在如下几个难题：

货币的防伪：谁来负责对货币的真伪进行鉴定
货币的交易：如何确保货币从一方安全转移到另外一方
避免双重支付：如何避免同一份货币支付给多个接受者

这就是区块链需要解决的问题。

区块链现状

跟传统的记账技术相比，基于区块链的分布式账本应该包括如下特点：

维护一条不断增长的链，只可能添加记录，而发生过的记录都不可篡改
去中心化，或者说多中心化，无需集中控制而能达成共识，实现上尽量采用分布式
通过密码学的机制来确保交易无法被抵赖和破坏，并尽量保护用户信息和记录的隐私性

公开链，联盟链，私有链

根据参与者的不同，可以分为公开（public）链、联盟（consortium）链和私有（private）链

共有链：任何人都可以参与使用和维护，如比特币区块链，信息是完全公开的
私有链：由集中管理者进行管理限制，只有内部少数人可以使用，信息不公开
联盟链：介于两者之间，由若干组织一起合作维护一条区块链，该区块链的使用必须是带有权限访问，相关信息会得到保护，如供应链机构或银行联盟

目前来看，共有链更容易吸引市场和媒体的眼球，但更多的商业价值会在联盟链和私有链上落地。

公有链：是指世界上任何个体或者机构都可以发送交易，且交易能够获得该区块链的有效确认，任何人都可参与其共识过程，记账权完全由公开的共识算法决定，即整个网络是开放的。

联盟链：顾名思义，一般是指由少数的机构组成联盟节点，进入和退出需要授权的区块链，联盟之间是有价值传输的，属于协作关系但同时又不能完全信任，典型的场景有跨境支付，票据市场，场外市场等等。一般由PBFT一致性算法改造的共识算法，节点数不会太多，同时要求出块速度快，并且所有节点是需要准入的，也就是通过许可才能访问该联盟链（我们也称联盟链为许可链）。

私有链：是完全被单独的个人或某个组织控制的区块链，仅仅使用区块链的分布式账本技术进行记账，与其他的分布式存储方案没有太大区别。

公有链不适合大部分企业应用场景，未来企业应用的重点是联盟链，但现阶段关注的重点是公有链，公有链是区块链技术的试验田，会遇到各种复杂的情况和问题，是对新技术和新业务的测试，这对企业应用提供很好的借鉴。对于区块链的去中心化、安全、高效这三个特性，符合蒙代尔不可能三角关系，即不可能同时满足三个条件。公有链实现了完全的去中心化和安全，因此在性能上就很低，联盟链为了企业应用，提高了性能和安全，就不得不在去中心化上进行妥协，通过一个中心化的授权方式来管理节点，实现了半中心化。

根据使用目的和场景不同，又可以分为货币链，记录产权为目的的产权链，以众筹为目的的众筹链等，也有不局限特定应用场景的通用链。现有大部分区块链实现都至少包括了网络层，共识层，智能合约和应用层等结构，联盟链实现往往还会引入一定的权限管理机制。

区块链2.0

区块链2.0的典型代表是以太坊（Ethereum）和超级账本（Hyperledger），分别代表了区块链的两个重要的发展方向：应用于公众的公有链和应用于企业的联盟链。 Hyperledger项目是首个面向企业应用场景的开源分布式账本平台。主打联盟链，Linux基金会项目。面向不同目的和场景的子项目组成： Fabric, Sawtooth, Iroha, Blockchain Explorer, Cello, Indy, Composer, Burrow

Https Explainations

Wed, 24 Jan 2018 00:00:00 +0000

Published: Jan 24, 2018 Tags: security Category: Engineering

Hypertext Transfer Protocol Secure (HTTPS) is a safer version of HTTP, which is the communications protocol of the World Wide Web. An HTTPS session is encrypted using either the SSL protocol (Secure Socket Layer) or TLS protocol (Transport Layer Security) and offers protection against "eavesdropping" and that any change in the transmitted data.

Introduction

First Man in the middle attack in Chinese history. From "资治通鉴":

The Personal MBA

Mon, 22 Jan 2018 00:00:00 +0000

Published: Jan 22, 2018 Tags: booknotes Category: Management

This blog contains the booknotes of the book "The Personal MBA".

How to Learn

One of the beautiful things about learning any subject is the fact that you don't need to know everything. You only need to understand a few critically important concepts that provide most of the value.

When you first start to study a field, it seems like you have to memorize a zillion things. You don't.
What you need is to identify the core principles - generally three to twelve of them - that govern the field.
The million things you thought you had to memorize are simply various combinations of the core principles.

Business Processes

Roughly defined, a business is a repeatable process that:

Cryptography Introduction (with .NET code example)

Sun, 07 Jan 2018 00:00:00 +0000

Published: Jan 07, 2018 Tags: security Category: Engineering

Cryptography is the core part of security, this blog introduces the basic concepts in cryptography and uses .NET as code example.

Randomness

System.Random and its problems

System.Random is a pseudo random number generator
A seed value is passed into the constructor
The seed value should be different each time
System.Random is deterministic and predictable

Solution is to use RNGCryptoServiceProvider instead.

1 public static byte[] GenerateRandomNumber(int length)
2 {
3 using (var randomNumberGenerator = new RNGCryptoServiceProvider())
4 {
5 var randomNumber = new byte[length];
6 randomNumberGenerator.GetBytes((randomNumber));
7
8 return randomNumber;
9 }

Hashing

What Is Hashing?

Docker Introduction

Thu, 04 Jan 2018 00:00:00 +0000

Published: Jan 4, 2018 Tags: docker Category: Engineering

Docker is the world's leading software containerization platform. Docker/container technology becomes more and more popular these days. This blog introduces the basic concept of the above technology.

What is docker

In the old days, physical machine is the basic deployment unit which means one server hosts one application. The application has good isolation, however it is too expensive not only the hardware but also the maintaince effort.

The Effective Executive

Fri, 29 Dec 2017 00:00:00 +0000

Published: Dec 29, 2017 Tags: booknotes Category: Management

This is the notes from book by Peter Drucker. According to Drucker, the task of leadership is to create an alignment of strengths, making our weakness irrelevant

有效企业管理

企业的管理必须有效，否则企业无法生存。

管理得好的工厂，一般单调乏味，没有任何激动人心的事件发生。那些“心中无数决心大”的誓师大会表面是轰轰烈烈，但从本质上看对提高管理的有效性却没有任何帮助；那些在突发事件中表现英勇的人和事的确激动人心，但我们需要的不是停留在对这些英雄人物大张旗鼓地表彰上，而是要扎扎实实建立避免发生这类事件的机制。

这使我们认识到有效管理的重要性，有效就要防范于未然，将例外管理变成例行管理。

管理自己

“管理有效性”的关键，不在于有效地“管理别人”，而在于有效地“管理自己”。

管理者的有效性

强调的是“做正确的事情，把事情做正确”；
强调的是“按时做完自己该做的事情并产生成果”；
强调的是把“知识转化为成果”。

管理者的价值不在于任劳任怨，埋头苦干，服从领导或听命于上司，也不在于提供各种精专的知识、工具、观念和术语，更不在于职称、头衔或地位，而在于依靠自身的知识、才干和贡献意识，促进组织产生成果.

组织中的管理者通常会遇到四种情况，而他自己基本无法控制。每种情况都会向他施加压力，将工作推向无效，使机构运作不灵

管理者的时间往往只属于别人，而不属于自己
管理者往往被迫按照老一套方法开展工作
只有当别人使用管理者的贡献时，管理者才具有有效性
管理者身处组织之内，但如果他要有效工作，还必须努力认识组织以外的情况

作为一个有效的管理者，必须在思想上养成如下的习惯：

知道如何利用自己的时间
注意使自己的努力产生必要的成果，而不是工作本身，重视对外界的贡献
把工作建立在优势上--他们自己的优势，善于利用自己的长处，上级、同事和下级的长处
精力集中于少数主要领域。在这少数重要的领域中，如果能有优秀的绩效就可以产生卓越的成果。他们会按照工作的轻重缓急设定优先次序，而且坚守优先次序。他们知道：要事第一。重要的事先做，不重要的事放一放，除此之外也没有其他办法，否则反倒一事无成
善于做出有效的决策。他们知道有效的决策事关处事的条理和秩序问题，也就是如何按正确的次序采取正确的步骤。他们知道一项有效的决策，总是在“不同意见讨论”的基础上做出的判断，它绝不会是“一致意见”的产物。他们知道快速的决策多为错误的决策，真正不可或缺的决策数量并不多，但一定是根本性的决策。他们需要的是正确的战略，而不是令人眼花缭乱的战术。

有效时间管理

管理者工作的失效，乃至失败，往往是因为没有足够的时间去思考如何做正确的事情或把事情做正确。他们的时间往往被掠夺，使自己陷于日常事物和内部复杂的关系中，疲于奔命，被现实的压力牵着鼻子走，以致忽略了产生成果的方向，忽略了产生成果的外部联系。进而，随着企业规模的扩大，以及内部专业化分工体系的深化，使他们更看不到外部的机会以及协同的必要。

有效的管理者知道，时间是一项限制因素。任何生产程序的产出量，都会受到最稀有资源的制约。而在我们称之为“工作成就”的生产程序里，最稀有的资源就是时间。

时间的供给，丝毫没有弹性
时间也完全没有替代品

每一位管理者的时间，都有很大部分是被浪费掉的。表面上看起来，每件事似乎都非办不可，但实际上却毫无意义。

Cloud for Dummy

Thu, 14 Sep 2017 00:00:00 +0000

Published: Sep 04, 2017 Tags: cloud Category: Engineering

This is a blog to explain what cloud is to dummies.

Introduction

Five main principles of cloud computing:

Pooled resources: Available to any subscribing users
Virtualization: High utilization of hardware assets
Elasticity: Dynamic scale without CAPEX
Automation: Build, deploy, configure, provision, and move, all without manual intervention
Metered billing: Per-usage business model; pay only for what you use

The cloud offers the illusion of infinite resources, available on demand. You no longer need to play the guessing game of how many users need to be supported and how scalable the application is. The cloud takes care of the peaks and troughs of utilization times. In the world of the cloud, you pay for only the resources you use, when you use them. This is the revolutionary change: the ability to handle scale without paying a premium. In this realm of true utility computing, resource utilization mirrors the way we consume electricity or water.

Introduction to Javascript

Sat, 09 Sep 2017 00:00:00 +0000

Published: Sep 9, 2017 Tags: web, frontend Category: Engineering

Javascript is the fundumantal programming language for frontend development. This blog introduces the basic concept of Javascript language.

Javascript Basic

First, let's compare Javascript with a OOP programming language C#.

C#	Javascript
Strongly-Typed	Loosely-typed
Static	Dynamic
Classical Inheritance	Prototypal
Classes	Functions
Constructors	Functions
Methods	Functions

Strongly typed or weakly typed (loosely typed)

In general, a strongly typed language is more likely to generate an error or refuse to compile if the argument passed to a function does not closely match the expected type. On the other hand, a weakly typed language may produce unpredictable results or may perform implicit type conversion.

Blockchain Introduction

Wed, 06 Sep 2017 00:00:00 +0000

Published: Sep 06, 2017 Tags: blockchain, security Category: Engineering

Blockchain is the technology behind Bitcoin, this blog introduce what the Blockchain is.

What is Blockchain

Blockchain is a distributed ledger system which makes the transactions transparent and anonymous. By doing this, Blockchain brings a secure system.

Based on cryptographic proof instead of trust, allowing any two willing parties to transact directly with each other without the need for a trusted third party

The Mckinsey Engagement

Sun, 03 Sep 2017 00:00:00 +0000

Published: Sep 03, 2017 Tags: booknotes Category: Management

The book notes of .

开会与交流

所有会议都应该有一个明确的议程（或列出一张供讨论的问题清单），并做出具体的决定和新的行动方案。通过频繁的电子邮件交流使团队成员了解项目的最新进程，不过格式要简单统一。请记住，过度交流肯定会好于交流不足

观点遭到小组的反对，我们可能会变得冲动并进行激烈的争辩以使他人接受自己的观点。不过，最好的办法是说出自己的观点，把问题本身和提出问题的人相分离，然后从正反两面对观点展开讨论，重点关注积极的方面。

在评估问题和意见的正反两面时，一定要把人与他所提出的见解分开。在评价问题时，应就事论事，要摒弃针对人的个人成见在项目实施前，举行一个简短轻松的会议，交流一下各自的个性和工作方法偏好。在项目实施过程中，保持这样的交流了解自己的本性，同时在与不同性格类型的成员相处时保持良好的心态

团队合作

信任，但要确认 --罗纳德里根常引用的俄罗斯谚语

作为附加策略，竞争理念的融合也有助于所有团队的互动。

5P原则：

认真准备 (prepare): 观察身边之人的积极行为并了解他们的背景
他人为重(put others first): 这是生活中需遵循的普通法则
真诚赞美 (praise sincerely): 与他人分享你的发现，但切忌过分与虚伪
勿施压于人 (puressure no one): 互动时，避免谈及令人尴尬的话题和靠得太近
提供帮助 (provide value): 为了强化你的成果，还要设法长期提供帮助（我最喜欢的方式就是给他们寄一些他们感兴趣的读物）

时间紧迫往往会使人更加兴奋地工作，压力就是最大的动力

Team Focus模型

Team	Focus
交流 (Talk)	界定（Frame）
* 沟通不息	* 明确关键问题
* 用心倾听	* 创建议题树
* 人事分离	* 形成基本假设

评价 (Evaluate)	组织 (Organize)
* 讨论团队协作状态	* 构建总体流程图
* 确定期望与监控完成情况	* 制定内容计划以检验假设
* 明确个人发展目标并相应调整工作计划	* 设计故事线索

协助 (Assist)	收集 (Collect)
* 充分利用专长	* 通过“草图”呈现必要数据
* 各司其职	* 进行针对性的访问
* 实时反馈	* 收集第三方数据、资料

激励 (Motivate)	解读 (Understand)
* 确定个性化激励因素	* 明确 “so what" (为什么)
* 积极正面影响团队成员	* 理清对项目相关方面的启示
* 庆祝成就	* 记录所有图表中的核心见解

	提炼 (Synthesize)

DevOps and Continuous Delivery

Fri, 01 Sep 2017 00:00:00 +0000

Published: Sep 01, 2017 Tags: booknotes, process, devops, continuousdelivery Category: Engineering

DevOps and continuous delivery are two hot topics these days, which play more and more important role in software development especially for the SaaS (Software as a Service) solution.

DevOps

DevOps is a software development and delivery process that emphasizes communication and collaboration between product management, software development, and operations professionals. It supports this by automating and monitoring the process of software integration, testing, deployment, and infrastructure changes by establishing a culture and environment where building, testing, and releasing software can happen rapidly, frequently, and more reliably.

The Art of Simplicity

Thu, 31 Aug 2017 00:00:00 +0000

Published: Aug 31, 2017 Tags: booknotes Category: Life

The original version was written in French named <L'art de la simplicite> by Dominique Loreau. This book show the tips regarding to have a simplified but high quality life.

简单

简单，就是拥有极少，把空间留给必需和精华。简单，让生活摆脱使人精力分散、紧张不安的偏见、拘束和压力，为我们提供很多问题的解决方法。

不要再拥有过多的到东西，你将省出更多时间来关注自己的身体。当对自己的身体感觉良好时，就能忘记肉体的存在，专注于精神发展，达到充满意义的生命状态。你将感到更加幸福。

只保留你喜欢的东西，其他的都没有意义。别让俗气和过时的东西侵占你的空间。

拥有极少，但都要最好的。别满足于一只不错的沙发，而要买最漂亮，最轻柔，最符合“人体工学”，最舒适的沙发。

毫不迟疑地甩掉“差不多”，代之以完美的东西。哪怕这样做会让很多人认为你大手大脚。极简主义可不便宜，但付出这样的代价，你能达到自足于严格的极简。

作出错误的决定，才能发现最适合我们的。错误是我们的老师。

时不时“变换速度”，可以让你不至于在庸常事物中越陷越深，以更大的热情投入每一刻

记录你所有收入和支出。这有助于你采取更多节约措施，更好地管理你的财务状况，让你的生活简单化。

去除平庸

绝不接受你不想要的东西

丢弃东西或者把东西送人时，不要有负罪感。

不要在浴室里收集一堆化妆品小样

设想你的房子毁于火灾，把你要重新买的东西列出来。然后把不打算买的东西也列出来。给你喜爱但从不使用的东西拍照留念，然后把它们清理一空。

体验一下你的需要，如有迟疑，就放弃这种需要

把今年一次也没用到的东西清理掉

牢记如下符咒：“除了必不可少的，我一无所需。”

要领会“少就是多”的道理

把需要和欲望区分清楚

试试你能“坚持”多久不用一件你本以为不可缺少的东西。

尽可能减少身外之物

不要认为“整理”就是把东西重新摆放。

秘方越古老越有效，因为无效的早被人忘掉了

关于吃

禁食的目的在于。。。。

Xunit Test Patterns

Sun, 27 Aug 2017 00:00:00 +0000

Published: Aug 27, 2017 Tags: booknotes, architecture Category: Engineering

Xunit Test Pattern is a fantastic book which shares the experience and good practice to write tests.

Test Introduction

Easy to run tests

What makes tests easy to run? Four specific goals answer this question:

They must be Fully Automated Tests so they can be run without any effort.
They must be Self-Checking Tests so they can detect and report any errors without manual inspection.
They must be Repeatable Tests so they can be run multiple times with the same result.
Ideally, each test should be an Independent Test that can be run by itself.

Our tests should be small and test one thing at a time.

How to Become an Outlier

Sun, 20 Aug 2017 00:00:00 +0000

Published: Aug 20, 2017 Tags: career Category: Management

Do you want to be an outlier? How do you measure success? Money? Friends and Family? Recognition? Fame? Making a difference? Does your definition of success drive the direction of your career? ... Or is it the other way around?

If you want to be an outlier, you may be out of place, have to compromise on some areas in your life and people may see you as weirdo.

Bash: Useful Commands

Sat, 19 Aug 2017 00:00:00 +0000

Published: Aug 19, 2017
Tags: shell
Category: Engineering

Bash is a widely shell, which is the default shell in many operating systems, e.g. Unix, Linux, Mac OS. Bash can help you achieve a lot. To invest time to learn some useful commands in bash is a good idea.

Directory commands

Home directory

For every user, there is a home directory which is presented by ~

Domain Driven Design: Introduction

Wed, 19 Jul 2017 00:00:00 +0000

Published: Jun 19, 2017 Tags: architecture, process Category: Engineering

Domain Driven Design (DDD) is about trying to make your software a model of a real-world system or process. The philosophy of DDD is about placing our attention at the heart of the application, focusing on the complexity that is intrinsic to the business domain itself. In using DDD, you are meant to work closely with a domain expert who can explain how the real-world system works. It also acts as the conceptual foundation for the design of the software itself - how it's broken down into objects or functions. In this blog post, I will cover the key elements of DDD.

Authenticate Node.js App by OpenId Connect

Sun, 09 Jul 2017 00:00:00 +0000

Published: Jul 09, 2017
Tags: security
Category: Engineering

OpenID Connect (OIDC) is an authentication layer on top of OAuth 2.0; while OAuth 2.0 is an authorization framework. The standard is controlled by the OpenID Foundation. This blog post will go through an example to use your google account to login a Node.js app by using OpenID Connect.

Authentication vs Authorization

Authentication and Authorization are big topics, this blog only touches the basic and will have follow-up blogs to explain the details. If you are still confused about the difference between authentication and authorization, the followings are the explanations.

Security: Owasp Top 10

Wed, 05 Jul 2017 00:00:00 +0000

Published: Jul 05, 2017 Tags: security Category: Engineering

The Open Web Application Security Project (OWASP) is an open community dedicated to enabling organizations to develop, purchase, and maintain applications and APIs that can be trusted. The goal of the Top 10 project is to raise awareness about application security by identifying some of the most critical risks facing organizations. This blog is based on 2013 version, while 2017 version will come very soon.

Kotter-Binwei Change Model

Thu, 25 May 2017 00:00:00 +0000

Published: May 25, 2017 Tags: process Category: Management

"Change is the only constant." – Heraclitus, Greek philosopher. Kotter 8-step change model will help you to implement changes powerfully and successfully. In addition, Binwei adds 2 more steps to help you figure out whether you are doing the right changes. To implement right changes is even more important in the current changing world.

Kotter 8-step change model

Step 1: Create Urgency
Step 2: Form a Powerful Coalition
Step 3: Create a Vision for Change
Step 4: Communicate the Vision
Step 5: Remove Obstacles
Step 6: Create Short-term Wins
Step 7: Build on the Change
Step 8: Anchor the Changes in Corporate Culture

The above 8 steps will help you to implement the changes in the corporation. You can find a lot of content from internet.

Work in Big Company

Wed, 17 May 2017 00:00:00 +0000

Published: May 17, 2017 Tags: chinese, booknotes Category: Management

'Hacker and Painter' is a fantastic book for people work in IT industry, which enlightens me quite a lot. One point of view in this book is about the 'dark side' to work in big company.

测量贡献

大公司最大的困扰，就是无法准确测量每个员工的贡献。它会把所有人的贡献平均化。

销售员是一个例外。他们产生的收入，很容易测量，他们的薪水往往是销售额的一个百分比。如果一个销售员想更努力地工作，他马上就可以这样做，并且自动按比例得到更多的报酬。

此外，还有一个职位是可以测量的，那就是高级的管理职位，他们对整家公司的表现负责。高级经理就像销售员一样，不得不用数字证明自己。一个表现糟糕的CEO，是不能推托说自己已经尽了全力。如果公司的表现不好，就是他的表现不好。

不幸的是，公司不可能对每个人都像销售员那样付薪。销售员是单独工作的，大多数雇员则是集体工作。

假设有一家公司制造某种消费品，工程师为它做出各种功能，设计师为它设计一个漂亮的外壳，营销人员让顾客相信这是值得拥有的商品。请问如何评价每个人对这个商品销售额的贡献？

还有，上一代产品的工作人员，为这个公司树立了质量可靠的形象，请问最新产品的销售额有多少应该归功于他们？

根本没有办法把所有人的贡献一一分解清楚。你想更努力地工作，但是你的工作与其他许多人的工作混杂在一起，这就产生了问题。在大公司中，个人的表现无法单独测量，公司里其他人会“平均化”你。

你不能对老板说，我打算十倍努力地工作，请你把我的薪水也增加十倍吧！因为公司已经假定你在全力工作了，而且更重要的是：实际上，公司无法测量你的贡献。

深层原因

但是，就算无法测量每个员工的贡献，却有办法得到近似值，那就是测量小团队的贡献。

整家公司产生的收入是可以测量的，如果公司只有一个员工，那么就可以准确知道他的贡献了。所以，公司越小，你就越能准确估计每个人的贡献。一家创业公司，可能只有10个员工，那么影响收入的人员因子，最多也只有10。这意味着，你最好找出色的人合作，因为他们的工作和你的一起平均计算。

Lean Toolkit for Software Development

Tue, 16 May 2017 00:00:00 +0000

Published: May 16, 2017 Tags: lean, process Category: Management

Lean has huge impact on current software industry. No matter your team adopts Devops, Scrum, Kanban or other Agile methodologies, you can find impact from Lean methodology. Even though Lean was invented decades ago, the concepts are still shining and toolkit are still very useful.

Identify Bottleneck

Any improvements made anywhere besides the bottleneck are an illusion. -- Mary Poppendieck

Your software, team, organization's performance is determined by the bottleneck. Identify the bottleneck first in your optimization task, normally identifying bottleneck is the most difficult part.

The Mythical Deadline of Peopleware Man-month

Sun, 14 May 2017 00:00:00 +0000

Published: May 14, 2017 Tags: booknotes, chinese Category: Management

This blog post is the book note of three famous books in project/people management in IT industry: The Mythical Man-month, The Deadline, Peopleware. They are enlightenment books to me on the management topics when I read these books decade ago. There are a lot of shinning points in these books, and I try to list them with my own thoughts. The book notes will be in Chinese, since I read the Chinese version that time.

Threat Modeling: Introduction

Sun, 07 May 2017 00:00:00 +0000

Published: May 07, 2017 Tags: security Category: Engineering

With more and more data and software go to internet, the security becomes crucial for software development. OWASP (Open Web Application Security Project) lists top 10 security risks:

Injection
Broken Authentication and session management
Cross-site scripting
Insecure Direct Object Reference
Security Misconfiguration
Sensitive data exposure
Missing function level access control
Cross site request forging
Components with known vulnerabilities
Invalidated requests and forwards

Security risks are everywhere and it is difficult to make secure software.

Bian Zhi Lin Anthology

Tue, 02 May 2017 00:00:00 +0000

Published: May 02, 2017 Tags: booknotes, chinese Category: Literature

Bian Zhi Lin is modern poet, and is also alumnus of my high school (PuDong High School, Graduated in 1929). His poems are graceful, the most famous one is 'The Fragment' (DuanZhang).

断章

你站在桥上看风景，

看风景的人在楼上看你。

明月装饰了你的窗子，

你装饰了别人的梦。

投

独自在山坡上，

小孩儿，我见你

一边走一边唱，

都厌了，随地

捡一块小石头

向山谷一投。

说不定有人，

小孩儿，曾把你

（也不爱也不憎）

好玩地捡起，

像一块小石头

向尘世一投。

雨同我

“天天下雨，自从你走了。”

“自从你来了，天天下雨。”

两地友人雨，我乐意负责。

第三处没消息，寄一把伞去？

我的忧愁随草绿天涯：

鸟安于巢吗？人安于客枕？

想在天井里盛一只玻璃杯，

明朝看天下雨今夜落几寸。

无题一

三日前山中的一道小水，

NoSQL: Introduction

Mon, 01 May 2017 00:00:00 +0000

Published: May 1, 2017 Tags: database, nosql Category: Engineering

NoSQL originally refers to "non SQL", "non relational", or "not only SQL". NoSQL databases are increasingly used in big data and real-time web applications. NoSQL databases are not replacing relational database, there are scenarios only fit for NoSQL database. This blog give a brief introduction of NoSQL databases.

Motivation

The benefits you can get from NoSQL include:

Simplicity of design

In relational database, the application developers need to design the database scheme to store the data. There is difference between the schema and the in-memory data structure. Then the developers need to handle this 'gap'. This effort is not delivering business value.

Job Security

Sat, 29 Apr 2017 00:00:00 +0000

Published: Apr 29, 2017 Tags: career Category: Management

In your company, there is only one should care about your job security: that is yourself. Many people treat the company as their home, put all their energy and be 100% loyal to the company, but seldom to think about themselves. There is nothing wrong with the attitude only if you are aware of the job security. Marketing is up-and-down and most companies needs to be profitable to survive. They have to lay off people if necessary, these people can be you no matter you treat the company as home or not. It will put you into a very negative situation if you do not prepare well for your job security.

Lean: Principles

Thu, 27 Apr 2017 00:00:00 +0000

Published: Apr 27, 2017 Tags: lean, process Category: Management

The core idea of Lean is to maximize customer value while minimizing waste. A lean organization understands customer value and focuses its key processes to continuously increase it.

To accomplish this, lean thinking changes the focus of management from optimizing separate technologies, assets, and vertical departments to optimizing the flow of products and services through entire value streams that flow horizontally across technologies, assets, and departments to customers.

Specification by Example

Tue, 25 Apr 2017 00:00:00 +0000

Published: Aug 25, 2017 Tags: booknotes, process Category: Engineering

Specification by Example is a set of process patterns that helps teams build the right software product. With Specification by Example, teams write just enough documentation to facilitate change effectively in short iterations (Scrum or XP) or in flow-based development (Kanban).

Introduction

“The hardest single part of building a software system is deciding precisely what to build.”

-- The Mythical Man-Month

“The formulation of a problem is often more essential than its solution.”

Technology to Learn Next

Tue, 25 Apr 2017 00:00:00 +0000

Published: Apr 18, 2017 Tags: career Category: Management

Nowadays, we are in a rapid changing world, and the velocity of the change is increasing. Especially in some young industries like Information technology, new opportunities and exciting news keep popping-up everyday. If you are in IT industry like the me (Binwei, the author), you are lucky. And it is simply too many technologies for you to learn, this blog will discuss the topic: what to learn next.

Telemetry: Overview

Thu, 20 Apr 2017 00:00:00 +0000

Published: Apr 20, 2017 Tags: telemetry Category: Engineering

Telemetry technology plays more and more important role in the 'cloud era'. This blog will explain what is telemetry technology, how we can benefit from telemetry technology, and briefly discuss some technical choices.

What is Telemetry

According to Wikipedia: Telemetry is an automated communications process by which measurements and other data are collected at remote or inaccessible points and transmitted to receiving equipment for monitoring.

How to Read Books

Sun, 16 Apr 2017 00:00:00 +0000

Published: Apr 16, 2017 Tags: booknote Category: Productivity

I like the following Quota post a lot: When I was a child I ate a lot of food. Most of it is long gone and forgotten, but certainly some of it became my very bones and flesh. Personally I like reading, almost read every day and enjoying reading. This blog post is to share my experience and lessons learned how to improve the reading skills.

Cai Gen Tan

Fri, 14 Apr 2017 00:00:00 +0000

Published: Apr 14, 2017 Tags: booknotes, chinese Category: Literature

'Cai Gen Tan' is an old Chinese book written in Ming dynasty. This book contains the wisdom from Confucianism, Taoists and Buddhism. It is a compact book but providing a lot of life advices.

《菜根谭》是明朝还初道人洪应明收集编著的一部论述修养、人生、处世、出世的语录集。其文字简炼明隽，兼采雅俗。

求学

夜眠八尺，日啖二升，何须要有百般计较？书读五车，才分八斗，怎么能得一日清闲？
学者要收拾精神并归一处。如修德而留意于事功名誉，必无实谊；读书而寄兴于吟咏风雅，定不深心。
做人无甚高远事业，摆脱得俗情便入名流；为学无甚增益功夫，减除得物累便臻圣境。
学者有段兢业的心思，又要有段潇洒的趣味。若一味敛束清苦，是有秋杀无春生，何以发育万物。

明事理

一勺水，便具四海水味，世法不必尽尝；千江月，总是一轮月光，心珠宜当独朗
事理因人言而悟者，有悟还有迷，总不如自悟之了了。意兴从外境而得者，有得还有失，总不如自得之休休。
为善而欲自高胜人，施恩而欲要名结好，修业而欲惊世骇俗，植节而欲标异见奇，此皆是善念中戈矛，理路上荆棘，最易夹带，最难拔除者也。须是涤尽渣滓，斩绝萌芽，才见本来真体。

检点自身

无事便思有闲杂念想否。有事便思有粗浮意气否。得意便思有骄矜辞色否。失意便思有怨望情怀否。时时检点，到得从多入少、从有入无处，才是学问的真消息。
忙处事为，常向闲中先检点，过举自稀。动时念想，预从静里密操持，非心自息
无事常如有事时提防，才可以弥意外之变；有事常如无事时镇定，方可以消局中之危
忙处事为，常向闲中先检点，过举自稀。动时念想，预从静里密操持，非心自息。

戒欲

仕途虽赫奕，常思林下的风味，则权势之念自轻；世途虽纷华，常思泉下的光景，则利欲之心自淡。
优人傅粉调朱，效妍丑于毫端，俄而歌残场罢，妍丑何存？弈者争先竞后，较雌雄于着子，俄而局尽子收，雌雄安在？
缠脱只在自心,心了则屠肆糟糠居然净土。不然纵一琴一鹤,一花一卉,嗜好虽清,魔障终在。语云:“能休尘境为真境,未了僧家是俗家。”
宠辱不惊闲看庭前花开花落去留无意漫随天外云卷云舒

修身

心体澄澈，常在明镜止水之中，则天下自无可厌之事；意气和平，常在丽日光风之内，则天下自无可恶之人。
此心常看得圆满天下自无缺陷之世界此心常放得宽平天下自无险侧之人情

Setup Blog: Using Sphinx and Ablog

Wed, 12 Apr 2017 00:00:00 +0000

Published: Apr 12, 2017 Tags: blog, opensource Category: Engineering

Writing blogs is a good way to learn. The brain of human being has retention rate of what is learned. In order to learn efficiently, people need to be more active on discussing, practicing and teaching. No matter your blog has already got millions of followers or not, the blog writing itself is very beneficial for yourself to learn better. This blog post will teach you how to setup your personal blog by using open source technology like Sphinx and Ablog.

Git: Resolve Conflicts

Sun, 09 Apr 2017 00:00:00 +0000

Published: Apr 9, 2017 Tags: git Category: Engineering

Git provides various tools to resolve conflicts during the merge process, and in this blog we only discuss one of them gvimdiff in Windows Operating System.

Software installation

gvimdiff needs Gvim installed, which is GUI Vi text editor and can be downloaded from:

http://www.vim.org/download.php

After the installation, please ensure the executable file path is included in PATH environment variable. You can test it in console by typing gvim to see whether you get the application invoked.

Vi: Configuration Example

Sat, 08 Apr 2017 00:00:00 +0000

Published: Apr 8, 2017 Tags: vi Category: Engineering

Among various text editors, I like Vi a lot. It help me a lot if I work on various operating systems and different environment since Vi is installed by default on most operating systems. There is GUI Vi tool available on Windows called Gvim, which can be downloaded from here: http://www.vim.org/download.php

The configuration file is named as _vimrc which is located around ProgramFiles(x86)\Vim. Just open and edit the _vimrc file, but you need to restart Gvim to see the changes.

Git: Branch Continue

Mon, 30 Jan 2017 00:00:00 +0000

Published: Jan 30, 2017 Tags: git Category: Engineering

This blog will cover the Git commands which to transfer the changes between branches. If you are not familiar with the basic Git branch commands, you can have a look of my previous blog: git_branch-basic

Merge Branch

When you have two or more branches, you need to integrate some changes from one branch to another.

1git merge f1

Git merge command will try to integrate all the changes from branch f1 into the current branch (HEAD points to). After run this command, you can check the status by git status and use git add/commit to check-in the changes.

Git: Branch Basic

Wed, 18 Jan 2017 00:00:00 +0000

Published: Jan 18, 2017 Tags: git Category: Engineering

One of the biggest advantage of Git is branching. Git is very strong at handling branches, no matter on functionality or on efficiency. Let's try out the Git branch commands.

Create Branch

1git branch f1

The command will create a new branch called f1. Compared to 'classical' version control system, git will not create a separate folder for new branch. All the branches 'share' the same folder on your file system.

Git: Areas

Sat, 14 Jan 2017 00:00:00 +0000

Published: Jan 14, 2017 Tags: git Category: Engineering

Git has four areas:

Working area
Index
Repository
Stash

To understand these four areas is essential to learn the git workflow. The following paragraphs will go through these four areas and explain the git workflow. If you are new to git and not familiar with the basic git commands, it is recommended to read my blog post git_getting-started first.

Working area

Working area is where you start adding/modifying/deleting files. Working area is equal to what you see on your file system.

Git: Getting Started

Wed, 11 Jan 2017 00:00:00 +0000

Published: Jan 11, 2017 Tags: git Category: Engineering

Git is an open source distributed version control system, which plays important role in current software ecosystem. You may find many GUI Git tools like SourceTree, Github Desktop, TortoiseGit etc, however the best way to learn Git is to deep dive into the Git commands and understand the fundamental. Let's start the 'Git journey' by using the basic commands.

Install Git

First, go to Git download page: https://git-scm.com/downloads

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Taxi app experience

Simple Modeling Tool (WebGL)

Try Agent Skills in VS Code

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100M Offer

Data Clean

苏世民： 我的经验与教训

AI Superpowers

1. The Mechanics and Prerequisites of Modern AI

Mediation

一、核心定义：冥想是什么？

二、冥想的好处（为什么你要练习？）

三、如何练习冥想：正式与非正式

方法一：正式冥想（专项训练）

方法二：非正式冥想（融入生活）

四、即时工具：STOP 技术

总结脉络

人生回报率最高的18件事

1、每天运动30分钟

2、保证7小时睡眠

3、定期口腔护理

4、每周深度阅读10小时

5、掌握第二语言

6、系统学习理财

7、刻意练习写作

8、购置核心资产

9、发展副业收入

10、维护关键人脉

11、学习非暴力沟通

Bond

一、债券如何运作？

二、投资债券的优缺点

三、债券的主要类型

Personal Investment Options

1. Cash and Cash Equivalents

2. Fixed Income / Bonds

Merriam Webster's Vocabulary Builder

Book Extraction

unit_1 - AM

unit_1 - BELL

unit_1 - BENE

unit_1 - CRIM

unit_1 - GRAV

unit_1 - LEV

unit_1 - PAC

unit_1 - PROB

unit_1 - Words from Mythology and History

unit_2 - CEPT

unit_2 - DUC,DUCT

unit_2 - FIN

unit_2 - JECT

unit_2 - MANIA

unit_2 - PSYCH

unit_2 - SEQU

unit_2 - TRACT

unit_2 - Words from Mythology

unit_3 - AMBI

unit_3 - DIS

unit_3 - EPI

unit_3 - HOM,HOMO

unit_3 - HYP,HYPO

unit_3 - Latin Borrowings

unit_3 - POLY

unit_3 - PRIM

unit_3 - THERM,THERMO

unit_4 - CARN

unit_4 - CRED

unit_4 - CURR,CURS

unit_4 - FID

unit_4 - FLECT

unit_4 - PED

unit_4 - POST

苏世民：我的经验与教训